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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
behaviorism
|
the philosophy
of the science of behavior |
|
determinism
|
the world is a
lawful, orderly place; not accidental |
|
empiricism
|
objective
observation of the phenomena of interest |
|
experiment
|
a carefully controlled comparison
of some measure of the phenomenon of interest under two or more different conditions in which only one factor at a time (the indep variable) differs from one condition to another |
|
EAB
|
emphasis on describing
functional relations between behavior and controlling variables in the environment over formal theory testing |
|
explanatory fiction
|
a fictitious or hypothetical
variable for the observed phenomenon it claims to explain and contributes nothing to a functional account or understanding of the phenomenon |
|
functional relation
|
a verbal statement summarizing
the results of an experiment, the occurrence of the phenomena under study as a function or the operation of one or more specified and controlled variables in which one influences the other |
|
hypothetical construct
|
a presumed, but
unobserved process or entity (e.g., Freud's id, ego,) |
|
mentalism
|
an approach to explaining
behavior that assumes that a mental, or "inner", dimension exists that differs from a behavioral dimension and that phenomena in this dimension cause or mediate some forms of behavior |
|
methodological behaviorism
|
a philosophical position
that views behavioral events that cannot be publicly observed as outside the realm of science |
|
parsimony
|
the practice of ruliung out
simple, logical explanations, experimentally or conceptually, before considering more complex or abstract explanations |
|
philosophical doubt
|
an attitude that the
truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory and knowledge should be continually questioned |
|
radical behaviorism
|
a thoroughgoing form of behaviorism that attempts to understand all human behavior, including private
events such as thoughts and feelings, in terms of controlling variables in the history of the person ontogeny) and the species (phylogeny) |
|
replication
|
repeating conditions
within an experiement to determine the reliability of effects and increase internal validity |
|
science
|
a systematic approach to the
understanding of natural phenomena (as evidenced by description, prediction, and control) that relies on determinism, empiricism, experimention, replication, parsimony, and philosophic doubt |
|
antecedent
|
an environmental
condition or stimulus change existing or occurring prior to a behavior of interest |
|
automaticity of reinforcement
|
refers to the fact that
behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person's awareness |
|
aversive stimulus
|
an unpleasant or noxious
stimulus: to evoke a behavior that has terminated it in the past; as a punisher when presented following behavior; and/or as a reinforcer when withdrawn following behavior |
|
behavior
|
a technologically
consistent method for changing behavior derived from one or more principles of behavior |
|
conditioned punisher
|
a previously netral stimulus
change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more other punishers; sometimes called secondary or learned punisher. |
|
conditioned reflex
|
a learned stimulus-response
functional relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the response it elicits; everyone's is different based upon experiences |
|
conditioned reinforcer
|
a stimulus change that
functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers (sometimes called secondary or learned reinforcer) |
|
conditioned stimulus
|
the stimulus component of a
conditioned reflex; a formerly NEUTRAL stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior only after it has been paried with an unconditioned stimulus |
|
consequence
|
a stimulus change that follows a behavior of
interest |
|
contingency
|
refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between
operant behavior and its controlling variables (3 term contingency) |
|
contingent
|
describes reinforcement
(or punishment) that is delivered ONLY after the target behavior has occurred. |
|
deprivation
|
the state of an organism
with respect to how much time has elapsed since it has consumed or contacted a type of reinforcer (can be withheld) |
|
descriminated stimulus
|
a type of discriminated operant, it occurs more frequently when under a certain stimulus control. For example: answering the phone. We don't answer it until we hear it ring.
|
|
environment
|
the conglomerate of real
circumstances in which the organism or part of it exists; behavior cannot occur in the absence of environment |
|
extinction
|
the discontinuing of a
reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior; the primary effect is a decrease in the frequency of behavior |
|
behavior change tactic
|
a technologically consistent method for changing behavior derived from one or more principles of behavior
|
|
habituation
|
a decrease in responsiveness to repeated presentations of a
stimulus |
|
higher order
conditioning |
development of a
conditioned reflex by pairing of a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus |
|
history of
reinforcement |
an inclusive term referring in
general to all of a person's learning eperiences and past conditioning with respect to particular resonse classes or aspects of a person's repertoire |
|
motivating
operation |
an environmental variable that
increases or decreases the reinforcing or punishing effectivness of some stimulus, object, or event; and the frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by the stimulus |
|
negative
reinforcement |
a stimulus whose TERMINATION (or reduction in intensity) functions as reinforcement
|
|
neutral
stimulus |
a stimulus change that DOES NOT elicit respondent
behavior |
|
ontogeny
|
the history of the
development of an individual organism during its lifetime |
|
operant
behavior |
behavior that is
SELECTED, maintained, and brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences |
|
operant
conditioning |
the basic process by which
operant learning occurs; consequences result in an increased or decreased frequency of the same type of behavior under similar motivational and environmental conditions in the future |
|
phylogeny
|
the history of
the natural evolution of a species |
|
positive
reinforcement |
occurs when a behavior is
followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that INCREASES the future frequency of the behavior in similar conditions |
|
principle of
behavior |
a statement describing a
functional relation between behavior and one or more of its controlling variables with generality across organisms, species, settings, behaviors, and time |
|
punisher
|
a stimulus change that
DECREASES the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it |
|
punishment
|
occurs when stimulus
change immediately follows a resonse and DECREASES the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions |
|
reflex
|
stimulus-response
relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits (Reflexes protect the organism and promote reproduction) |
|
reinforcement
|
occurs when a stimulus
change immediately follows a response and INCREASES the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions |
|
reinforcer
|
a stimulus change
that INCREASES the future frequency of behavior that imediately precedes it |
|
repertoire
|
all the behaviors a
person can do; or a set of behaviors relevant to a particular setting or task |
|
respondent
behavior |
the response
component of a reflex; behavior that is elicited, or induced, by antecedent stimuli |
|
respondent
conditioning |
a stimulus-stimulus PAIRING
procedure in which a NEUTRAL stimulus is presented with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral one becomes a conditioned one (CLASSICAL CONDITIONING) |
|
respondent
extinction |
the repeated presentation of a
conditioned stimulus in the ABSENCE of the unconditioned stimulus; the CS gradually loses its ability to elicit the conditioned response until the ocnditioned relex no longer appears in the individual's repertoire |
|
response
|
a single instance or
occurrence of a specific class or type of behavior (an action of an organism's effector) |
|
response
class |
a group of responses
of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment |
|
satiation
|
a decrease in the frequency of
operant behavior presumed to be the result of continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer that has followed the behavior; (reduces the effectiveness of the reinforcer) |
|
selection by
consequences |
fundamental principle underlying operant conditioning; all forms of operant behavior are selected,
shaped, and maintained by their consequences during an individual's lifetime |
|
stimulus
|
an energy change
that affects an organism through its receptor cells |
|
stimulus
class |
a group of stimuli that
share specified common elements along formal, temporal, and/or functional dimensions |
|
stimulus
control |
a situation in which the
frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus |
|
stimulus-stimulus
pairing |
a procedure in which two
stimuli are presented at the same time, usually repeatedly for a number of trials, which often results in one stimulus acquiring the function of the other one |
|
three-term
contingency |
the basic unit of analysis in
the analysis of operant behavior; encompasses the temporal and possibly dependent relations among an antecedent stimulus, behavior, and consequence |
|
unconditioned
punisher |
a stimulus change that
DECREASES the frequency of any behavior that immediately PRECEDES it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus. (these are products of the evolutionary development of the species) |
|
unconditioned
reinforcer |
a stimulus change that
INCREASES the frequency of any behavior that immediately PRECEDES it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus. (products of evolutionary development of the species) |
|
unconditioned
stimulus |
the stimulus component of
an unconditioned reflex; a stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior without any prior learning |