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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
mid childhood age
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4-12
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height for males and females
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4'8" for boys
4'10.5" for girls |
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Fine motor skills in mid childhood
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fine motor development continues
8 years - cursive writing Females grasping fine motor skills a little before boys |
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Calorie intake and nutrition in mid childhood
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Age 7-10... 2400 calories per day
breakfast- most important meal of the day, should consume 1/4th of calories for everyone |
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Physical activity in mid childhood
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About 22% of kids in grades 4-12 were physically active for 30 minutes per day
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Sports in mid childhood pros and cons
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pros - exercise, learning to compete, achieving goals
cons - pressure to win, physical injuries, distraction from academic work 1/22thousand - percent chance a person will become a professional athelete |
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Obesity in mid childhood
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genetic familial factors
-25% of children who are obese become obese adults, 75% of adolescents who are obese go on to become obese in adulthood -if both parents are obese, there's about a 60% chance that children will be obese Leptin - protein produced by fat cells - decreases food intake and increases energy sustaining -sustains fullness -Obi mice |
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Obi mice
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strain of mice who do not produce leptin BUT if you administer leptin, the body can go back, metabolism increase, appetite control, etc. - mouse looks normal again
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Environmental factors of obesity
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-availability of food
-sedentary lifestyle -TV -etc. |
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Consequences of obesity in mid childhood
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-Diabetes
-high blood pressure -cholesterol -psychological ramifications -depression -low self-esteem |
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Cure for obesity in mid childhood
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3-pronged approach
-diet of good food -exercise -food diary |
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Health outcomes throughout mid and late childhood
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-cancer - 2nd leading cause of death
-cancers in this age range - leukemia, bone cancer, lymphomas, brain cancer... some congenital link -cardiovascular disease - yet again, must/probably congenital -athsma - 7-12% -ideopathic |
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Development in middle and late childhood
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6-11 years
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Skeletal and muscular systems in mid and late childhood
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during the elementary school years children
-grow 2-3 inches per year -gain 5 to 6 pounds per year -double strength capabilities |
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Obesity in mid and late childhood
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-increasing health problem
-Risk factor for being obese as adult RISK FACTORS -Heredity -both parents obese, 2/3 of children obese -Blood Chemistry -leptin -Environmental contexts -greater availability of food -decline in physical activity |
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Treatment of Obesity in mid to late childhood
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Diets of moderate calories
-more successful over time Exercise -important componant of weight loss -increaselean body mass Behavior modification -Food diary -Identifies behaviors woth changing |
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Diseases in mid to late childhood
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Cancer
-second leading cause of death in US for children aged 5-14 Cardiovascular Disease -hole in heart, valve disorder Athsma -most common chronic disease in us children |
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Types of Cancers in Children
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Leukemia - 39%
Brain - 15% Lymphomas - 10% Neuroblastomas - 7% Bone - 6% Kidney - 6% Muscle - 5% Other - 12% |
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
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Children consistently show one or more of the following characteristics
-inattention -hyperactivity -impulsivity Many possible causes -heredity may play a role Usually treated with stimulant drugs -controversial |
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Cognitive Development in mid - late childhood
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Concrete Operational Thought
-Made up of operations = mental actions that allow children to do mentally what they had done physically before (mental actions reversible) -conservation -Important skill is classification: -ability to classify or divide things into different sets or subsets and to consider their interrelationships |
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Cognitive Development #2 in mid - late childhood
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Seriation: concrete operation involving the ordering of stimuli along a quantitative dimension (length)
Transitivity: ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions (relations between classes) -three sticks (A,B,C) of different lengths -Concrete operational thinker understand that a>b, b>c, a>c |
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Memory in mid to late childhood
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-Long-term memory
-relatively permanent, unlimited type of memory (holds huge amounts of information) -increases with age during mid - late childhood -Knowledge and Expertise |
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Intelligence Tests
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The Binet Tests
-Mental Age(MA) - measure of an individual's level of mental development relative to others Intelligence Quotient (IQ) - Person's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100 Wechsler Scales -Measure overall IQ -Eleven subscales: -verbal IQ -Performance IQ: -vocab -arithmetic -digit span -block design |
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Intelligence Tests #2
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Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
-Three main types of intelligence -Analytical - analytical thinking and abstract thinking -Creative - solve new problems quickly -Practical - Grasps real-life problems... "street smarts" |
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Gardner's Theory
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Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
-Verbal -Mathematical -Spatial -Bodily-kinesthetic -Musical Skills -Interpersonal -Intrapersonal -Naturalist |
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Factor Approaches (to intelligence)
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Two-factor theory - Spearman's theory that individuals have both general intelligence "g" and specific intelligences
Multiple-factor Theory - Thurnstone's theory that intelligence consists of seven primary mental abilities |
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Mental retardation
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-Condition of limited mental ability
-Low IQ on traditional test of intelligence -below 70 -difficulty adapting in everyday life -~5 million americans fit this definition |
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Socialemotional Development in mid to late childhood
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Development of self-understanding
Shifts towards: -Defineing self in terms of internal characteristics -psychological characteristics (personality traits) -including social characteristics in self definition... girl scout, religious affiliation Social comparison - compare self to others |
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Self-Esteem
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Global evaluating yourself
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Increasing children's self-esteem
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-Identify cause of low self-esteem
-provide emotional support and social approval -help children to achieve -encourage coping skills |
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Self-concept
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domain specific... student aptitude, appearance, etc.
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Industry vs. inferiority
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Erikson's 4th developmental stage
-children attempt to master many skills -develop sense of competence or incompetence -schools can be important |
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Emotional self-awareness
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-being able to separate feelings from actions
-managing emotions -being able to read emotions in others -Understanding context - won't elicit same emotions in every situation -Handling relationships |
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Coping with stress in mid childhood
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Learning how to cope - important aspect of child's life
With age: -able to more accurately appraise a stressful situation and determine how much control they have over it -can generate more coping alternatives to stressful conditions -cognitive strategies -reframing |
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Gender Stereotyping
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Broad Categories that reflect our impressions and beleifs about males and females
-Traditional masculinity and femininity... males instrumental, females expressive pervasive across cultures children stereotype occupations |
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report and rapport talk
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Report Talk
-Provides info -favored by males Rapport talk -For conversation, establishing connections and negotiating relationships -favored by females |
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Aggression in boys and girls
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boys: physically aggressive
Girls: relationally aggressive (spreading rumors) conflict about if girls are actually more relationally aggressive |
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Societal Changes in Families
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Step-Families
-structures: step fathers or mothers, blended -we see adjustment problems similar to problems during divorce... academic and self-esteem issues -but children are resilient and most navigate it well -most vulnerable time - early adolescence Latchkey Children -Do not see parents from school to 6-7pm -academic and drug use problems Gay and lesbian parents -few differences in children growing up |
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Physical and Cognitive development in adolescence
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Adolescents not a homogeneous group
-about 70% have a positive self-image... a little more` |
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Definition of Puberty
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Period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes
Puberty is NOT a single, solitary event |
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Puberty Changes (onset determined by)
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nutrition- malnurishment can cause delay
Health - chronic health condition... Steroids prior to puberty might delay it Heredity- familial pattern Body mass |
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Height and weight during puberty
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growth spurt - occurs about 2 years earlier for girls
peak rate of pubertal changes - age 11.5 for girls, 13.5 for boys |
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Sexual Maturation in boys
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-increase genital size
-pubic hair -voice change -first ejaculation -armpit hair -facial hair |
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Sexual Maturation in girls
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-breast enlargement
-pubic hair (could be pretty simultaneous with breast enlargement) -armpit hair -hips widen -first menstration |
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Body Image
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-adolescents are more dissatisfied with their body during puberty than at other points in adolecence - females more than males
-increase in body fat can cause this in girls -muscle madd in boys might make them feel more satisfied |
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Early and Late maturation in boys
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-advantages to being early maturing rather than late-maturing
-early maturing boys perceive themselves more positively and have more successful peer relations |
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Early and late maturation in girls
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-early maturing girls experience more problems in school
-experience more independence and popularity with boys -more likely to smoke, drink, have depression, risk for eating disorders -if they are experiencing more independence, dating earlier, sexual relationships earlier plus alcohol makes this bad |
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Adolescent sexuality
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-adolescence time of sexual exploration and experimentation
-majority of adolescents have healthy sexual attitudes and engage in sexual practices that will not compromise their development -males engage in sexual behavior about a year before females |
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The progression of adolescent sexual behaviors
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adolescents engage in a consistent progression of sexual behaviors
-necking -petting -intercourse/oral sex By age 19, about 1 in 5 have not had sex 80% of girls, age 15, are still virgins 70% of boys, age 15, are still virgins |
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Risk Factors for sexual problems
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Adolescents who engage in sex before 16 are the least effective users of contraception
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First Intercourse
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80% of the time use contraceptive... most times a condom
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The pill
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50% of women use it
1/3 of women also use an additional method of condoms or withdrawal |
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Pregnancy risk
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A sexually active adolescent who does not use contraceptives has a 90% chance of pregnancy within a year
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STDs
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3 million acquire STD per year
-a single act of unprotected sex with an infected partner 1% of HIV 30% genital herpes 50% gonorrhea |
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Adolescent pregnancy
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-US continues to have one of the highest rates of adolescent pregnancy and childbearing rates in the industrialized world
-In 2000 US births to adolescents girls fell to a record low -Reason - use of contraceptives and fear of STD |
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Consequences of adolescent pregnancy
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-infants born to teen mothers are more likely to have
-low birth weights -neurological problems -childhood illness -adolescent mothers often drop out of school |
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Eating problems and disorders
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Anorexia Nervosa
-characterized by the refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight for age and height -lifetime prevalence (increased in recent decades) -.5% in females, one tenth of that in males -increase risk if you have a first-degree relative with the disease -concordance in identical twins (you can have a binge and purge type of anorexia) |
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Criteria to diagnose in DSM
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-refusal to maintain body weight at or above normal weight and height (weight lees than 85% of "normal")
-intense fear of gaining weight and becoming fat - found in bulimia too but it's more focused in anorexia -distorted image of own body shape/weight and denial of seriousness of current, low body weight - maintained by restrictive eating |
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Bulimia Nervosa
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Characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors to reduce weight gain such as:
-self-induced vomiting -Use of laxatives -fasting -excessive exercise Lifetime prevalence: Women - 1-3%, Men 1/10th that of women *familial trend with anorexia, MZ concordance rates, but not much familial evidence for bulimia |
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Binge Eating
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eating in a discrete period of time, an amount of food larger than most people would eat, lack of control, done in secrecy occurs at least twice a week for a 3 month period
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Adolescent Health
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-Adoption of behaviors relevant to good health critical during adolescence
-Many factors linked to poor health habits, early death begin in adolescence |
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Leading Causes of Death in Adolescence
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Accidents - involving automobiles, due to? (risk behaviors, DUI)
Homicide - 15-19 years, especially high among African American male adolescents Suicide - 6% of deaths in 10-14 age, 12% in 15-19 age groups |
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Piaget's Theory
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Formal operational stage
Thought is more abstract, characterized by -verbal problem-solving ability -Thought is more logical -Hypothetical-deductive reasoning, scientific thinking |
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Adolescent Egocentricism
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-Heightened self-consciousness
-Dissected into two types of social thinking -imaginary audience -personal fable - sense of personal uniqueness Sense of invincibility |
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Self-Esteem in adolescence
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Drops significantly during adolescence for both males and females
-other studies show that males increase, females decrease -adolescent self-esteem related to positive family relationships -Decrease in self-esteem in girls involves body image, social peer relationships |
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Identity in adolescence
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Erikson termed the period of adolescence a "psychological moratorium"
-5th stage of development - Identity vs. Identity confusion -Adolescence - gap between security of childhood and autonomy of adulthood -Experimenting with numerous roles, identities, from different contexts |
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Elements of Identity
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Vocational/career
Political Religious Relationship Sexual Cultural/ethnic |
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Identity development in adolescence
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lengthy process, extremely complex, neither begins nor ends at adolescence
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Identity Statuses and Development
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James marcia concluded that four identity statuses/modes of resolution appear in erikson's theory
Crisis - choosing amoung meaningful alternatives Commitment - showing personal investment in what they are going to do crisis/commit Identity Diffusion -- -- Identity Foreclosure -- + Identity Moratorium + -- Identity achievement + + Young adolescents are primarily in diffusion, foreclosure or moratorium Things that help - confidence in parental support, sense of industry, self-reflective perspective on the future |
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Family Influences on Identity
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Democratic Parents - encourage adolescents to participate in family decision making, foster autonomous thought and therefore fostering identity achievement
Autocratic Parents - control adolescents behavior, allowing minimal expression, encourage IDENTITY FORECLOSURE Permissive Parents- provide little guidance, allow them to make their own decisions, promote IDENTITY DIFFUSION |
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Promoting individuality and connectedness to develop adolescents identity
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The presence of a family atmosphere that promotes both individuality and connectedness is important in adolescents' identity development
INDIVIDUALITY -self-assertion - ability to have and communicate a point of view -separatedness - use of communication patterns to express how one is different from others CONNECTEDNESS -mutuality - sensitivity to and respect for others' views -permeability - openness to others' views CULTURE/ ETHNICITY -Increases with age, higher level of ethnic identity is linked to more positive attitudes to one's own culture and towards others |
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Peer Groups - cliques and crowds
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Cliques and crowds - allegiance to cliques can exert powerful control over lives of adolescents; group identity can override personal identity
Cliques - smaller group, same age/sex, circle of friends, part of same club Crowd - much larger, less personal |
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Adolescent groups vs. children groups
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Children groups - made up of friends or neighborhood aquaintances
Adolescent groups tend to include a broader array of members -more heterogeneous |
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Ethnicity in adolescence
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Value conflicts, assimilation, and pluralism
Assimilation - absorption of ethnic minority groups into the dominant group Pluralism - coexistence of distinct ethnic and cultural groups in the same society |
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Depression in adolescence
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More likely to occur in adolescence than in childhood
-adolescent girls have higher rates than boys Females -tend to ruminate in their depressive moods -self-images are more negative than males -face more discrimination than males Family factors create risk for depression: parent is depressed parent emotionally unavailible marital problems SES Divorce Also peers: How they navigate relationships -rejection -solitary personality -small social support |
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Suicide
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Third leading cause of death in 13-19 years old
-males are about 3X more likely to succeed in committing suicide -females attempt more frequently -adolescents who commit suicide: -often have depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation -experience a sense of hopelessness -suffer from low self-esteem |
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Emerging adulthood
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The transition from adolescence to adulthood
-can be prolonged -range from 18-25 years of age Still exploring: cover paths, identity and relationships |
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Becoming an adult (qualifications)
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The most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood is when an individual first takes a permanent, full-time job
-Economic independence -taking responsibility for oneself -coming to grips with beliefs and values -being on an equal playing field with parents |
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Stress in transition from adolescence to adulthood
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Today's college students experience more stress and more depression than in the past
-academic circumstances -Personal circumstances -feeling overwhelmed -pressure to succeed -get a job -make enough money |
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Education in transition from adolescence to adulthood
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US - 2001 - 29% of 25 to 29 year-olds had at least a bachelor's degree
Canada had the largest percent of 18-21 year-olds attending college (41%) More than 1 out of every 5 college students is a returning student... might be a little inaccurate |
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The Peak and Slowdown in physical performance
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Most of us reach our peak physical performance and are the healthiest between 19 and 26
-few young adults have chronic health problems -muscle tone and strength usually begin to show signs of decline around age 30 |
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Obesity in transition from adolescence to adulthood
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>60% of US adults are eiter overweight or obese
Obesity is associated with risk of: -hypertension -diabetes -cardiovascular disease |
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Dieting in transition from adolescence to adulthood
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Many divergent interests are involved in the topic of dieting:
-the public -health professionals -policy makers -the media -the diet industry -the food industry High correlation of rapid weight change and chronic illness |
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Smoking
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leading preventative cause of chronic illness
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Exercise in transition from adolescence to adulthood
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Exercise helps prevent CVD, diabetes, strengthens bones and muscles, promotes flexibility and reduces anxiety
Aerobic exercise - sustained exercise that stimulates heart and lung activity Anaerobic exercise - without oxygen" Weight-baring is the best |
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Alcohol in transition from adolescence to adulthood
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A recent study showed that 44% of students surveyed engaged in binge drinking
-established by amount over short period of time Problems reported by almost half of binge drinkers include: -missing classes -troubles with police -physical injuries -having unprotected sex 1 in 9 people who binge drunk go on to have a dependency |
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Cigarette Smoking percents
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Linked to 30% of cancer deaths, 21% of heart disease deaths, and 82% of chronic pulmonary disease deaths
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Addiction and Dependence requirements
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Addiction is a pattern of behavior characterized by an overwhelming involvment with using a drug and securing its supply
Dependence: -tolerance -withdrawal |
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Disease Model of Addiction
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Described addictions as:
-biologically based -lifelong diseases -involve a loss of control over behavior -require medical and/or spiritual treatment for recovery USE = environmental factors ABUSE + DEPENDENCE = genetics |
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The Life-Process Model of Addiction
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-addiction is not a disease
-rather a habitual response and a source of gratification or security -can be understood only in the context of social relationships and experiences |
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Success rate for addiction
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1/3 recover
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Cognitive stages: Piaget's view in transition from adolescence to adulthood
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FORMAL OPERATIONAL THOUGHT
-young adults are more quantitatively advanced in their thinking -adults especially increase their knowledge in a specific area -adults are more systematic and sophisticated about intellectual problems |
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Post-Formal Stage? Book Postulates 5th stage...
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understanding that:
-the correct answer to a problem requires reflective thinking -may vary from one situation to another -the search for truth is an ongoing, never-ending process -solutions to problems need to be realistic -understand that emotion - abstract things - influence thinking |
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Personality
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Multi-Dimentional Personality questionnaire
Holland's six personality types -realistic - doing things -investigative - thinking/ideas -artistic - creative/ideas, things -Social - helping/people -Enterprising - managing/people conventional - conforming/data |
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Attachment in Adulthood
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SECURELY ATTACHED
About 50-60% of adults are securely attached -provide realistic, coherent descriptions of their childhood -understand how past experiences affect their current lives are adults INSECURE-DISMISSING Approximately 20-30% of adults fall into this category of attachment -don't want to discuss their parent relationships -memories often focus on being rejected or neglected INSECURE-PREOCCUPIED Approximately 15% of adults -readily talk about relationships but tend to be incoherent and disorganized -unable to move beyond their childhood issues with parents -often express anger toward them or ongoing efforts to please them |
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Attachment and Romantic Relationships
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Romantic partners fulfill some of the needs for adults as parents do for children
-adults count on romantic partners for a secure base |
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Intimacy vs. Isolation
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Erikson believes that intimacy should come after individuals are well on their way to establishing stable and successful identities
-describes intimacy as finding oneself yet losing oneself in another person -if intimacy is not developed in early adulthood, the individual may be left with isolation |
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Intimacy and Independence
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-Early adult years are the time when individuals usually develop an intimate relationship with another individual
-At the same time demonstrating a strong interest in independence and freedom, something that has important implications for early adulthood |
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The Family Life Cycle
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Leaving Home and Becoming a Single Adult
The New Couple Becoming Parents The Family with Adolescents The Family at Midlife The Family in Later Life |
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Leaving Home and Becoming a Single Adult
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-"Launching"
-youths move into adulthood and exit their family of origin -adequate completion of launching requires separating from family without cutting ties completely -Sort out emotionally what they: -will take from family of origin -will leave behind -what they will make themselves into |
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The New Couple
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-two individuals unite to form a new family system
-involves both -development of marital system -realignment with extended families and friends to include spouse (goes beyond individuals to families) |
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Becoming Parents
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-Adults now move up a generation and become caregivers to the younger generation
-success in this stage requires: -commitment of time as parent -understanding the roles of parents -adapting to the developmental changes in children RESPONSIBILITY |
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The Family with Adolescents
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Adolescence is a period in which individuals strive for autonomy and develop their own identity
-parents tend to adopt one of two strategies: -pressure kid to conform -permissiveness (neither is very good) |
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Family at Midlife
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-Launchee becomes launcher
-playing an important role in linking generations -adapting to midlife changes in development -lives longer now... parents have more time after launch |
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The Family in Later Life
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Retirement alters a couple's lifestyle, requiring adaptation
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Marital Trends
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-More adults are remaining single longer these days
-average duration of a marriage in the US is currently just over 9 years -In a recent national survey, young adults identified what was important for a marriage to be emotionally deep and communicative |
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Changing Middle Age
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Middle adulthood ~ age 40 - about 60
In recent studies, 1/2 of those 65-69 and 60-75 year-olds considered themselves to be middle-aged |
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Physical changes in Middle Age - Visible
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-visible signs of aging apparent by 40's or 50's
-skin begins to wrinkle and sag due to loss of fat and collagen in underlying tissue -pigmentation change - aging spots -hair thins and greys |
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Physical changes in Middle Age - Height and Weight
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-Adults lose about one-half inch of height per decade beginning in the 40's
-body fat accounts for about 10% of body weight in adolescence... about 20% in middle age |
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Physical changes in Middle Age - strength, joints, and bones
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-Muscle strength decreases noticeably by mid 40's
-progressive bone loss starting in late 30's -women experience about twice the rate of bone loss as men |
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Sarcopinia
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loss of muscle mass and strenth
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Physical changes in Middle Age - Cardiovascular System
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20-year-old heart beat pumps 40 liters of blood per minute... 40-year-old heart pumps about 23 liters per minute under comparable conditions
-cholesterol level increases with age |
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Physical changes in Middle Age - lungs
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-At about age 55, the proteins in lung tissue become less elastic
-This change combined with gradual stiffening of the chest wall, decreases the lung's to shuttle oxygen from lungs through blood and veins |
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Health and Disease in Middle Age
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*Chronic disorders, characterized by a slow onset and long duration, increase in middle adulthood
#1Arthritis leading to chronic disorder at mid-age #2 Hypertension -the most chronic disorders vary for men and women... men have more fatal chronic illnesses while women have more non-fatal |
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Type A and Type B Behavioral Patterns in Middle Age
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Type A - excessive competitiveness, drive, impatience, and hostility - thought to be related to the incidence of heart disease
Type B - individuals who are relaxed, "easy going" |
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Hardiness
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A PERSONALITY STYLE characterized by a sense of commitment, control and a perception of problems as challenges... not crisises
-"Hardy" individuals less likely to succumb to illness when exposed to stressful situations |
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Mortality Rates in Middle Age
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-Until the mid-20th century, infectious illness was the main cause of death
-now, chronic disease is #1 Heart Disease #2 Cancer #3 Stroke #4 Accidents #5 Pulmonary disease |
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Hormonal Changes in Middle-aged Men
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-Testosterone production begins to decline about 1% a year during middle adulthood
-sperm count shows a slow decline -men do not lose their fertility in middle age -sexual drive often decreases |
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Intelligence in Middle Age
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Fluid Intelligence - one's ability to reason abstractly begins to decline
Crystallized intelligence - stuff like vocabulary continues to increase |
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Information Processing
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/Reaction time
-decreases beginning in early adulthood |
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Erikson's Stage Theory - adulthood
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Generatively v. Stagnation
-generativity encompasses adult's need to leave a legacy -***A modification of Erikson's theory proposed that his three adult stages - intimacy, generativity and integrity - are best viewed as developmental phases within identity |
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Seasons of a Man's Life
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Daniel Levinson
20's - novice phase of adult development 28-33 - determine goals 30's - focus on family and career development (in later 30's, "the boom" when one becomes one's own man) 40 - reach stable location in career... look foreward to middle adulthood 40-45 - encompass the change to middle adulthood |
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Levinson's Four Major Conflicts
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-middle adulthood is the time that men come to grips with 4 conflicts that have existed since adolescence:
-being young vs. old -being destructive vs. constructive -being masculine vs. feminine -being attached to others vs. seperate |