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123 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
mid childhood age
4-12
height for males and females
4'8" for boys
4'10.5" for girls
Fine motor skills in mid childhood
fine motor development continues
8 years - cursive writing
Females grasping fine motor skills a little before boys
Calorie intake and nutrition in mid childhood
Age 7-10... 2400 calories per day

breakfast- most important meal of the day, should consume 1/4th of calories for everyone
Physical activity in mid childhood
About 22% of kids in grades 4-12 were physically active for 30 minutes per day
Sports in mid childhood pros and cons
pros - exercise, learning to compete, achieving goals

cons - pressure to win, physical injuries, distraction from academic work

1/22thousand - percent chance a person will become a professional athelete
Obesity in mid childhood
genetic familial factors

-25% of children who are obese become obese adults, 75% of adolescents who are obese go on to become obese in adulthood

-if both parents are obese, there's about a 60% chance that children will be obese

Leptin - protein produced by fat cells - decreases food intake and increases energy sustaining
-sustains fullness

-Obi mice
Obi mice
strain of mice who do not produce leptin BUT if you administer leptin, the body can go back, metabolism increase, appetite control, etc. - mouse looks normal again
Environmental factors of obesity
-availability of food
-sedentary lifestyle
-TV
-etc.
Consequences of obesity in mid childhood
-Diabetes
-high blood pressure
-cholesterol
-psychological ramifications
-depression
-low self-esteem
Cure for obesity in mid childhood
3-pronged approach
-diet of good food
-exercise
-food diary
Health outcomes throughout mid and late childhood
-cancer - 2nd leading cause of death
-cancers in this age range - leukemia, bone cancer, lymphomas, brain cancer... some congenital link
-cardiovascular disease - yet again, must/probably congenital
-athsma - 7-12%
-ideopathic
Development in middle and late childhood
6-11 years
Skeletal and muscular systems in mid and late childhood
during the elementary school years children
-grow 2-3 inches per year
-gain 5 to 6 pounds per year
-double strength capabilities
Obesity in mid and late childhood
-increasing health problem

-Risk factor for being obese as adult

RISK FACTORS
-Heredity
-both parents obese, 2/3 of children obese
-Blood Chemistry
-leptin
-Environmental contexts
-greater availability of food
-decline in physical activity
Treatment of Obesity in mid to late childhood
Diets of moderate calories
-more successful over time
Exercise
-important componant of weight loss
-increaselean body mass
Behavior modification
-Food diary
-Identifies behaviors woth changing
Diseases in mid to late childhood
Cancer
-second leading cause of death in US for children aged 5-14

Cardiovascular Disease
-hole in heart, valve disorder

Athsma
-most common chronic disease in us children
Types of Cancers in Children
Leukemia - 39%
Brain - 15%
Lymphomas - 10%
Neuroblastomas - 7%
Bone - 6%
Kidney - 6%
Muscle - 5%
Other - 12%
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Children consistently show one or more of the following characteristics
-inattention
-hyperactivity
-impulsivity

Many possible causes
-heredity may play a role

Usually treated with stimulant drugs
-controversial
Cognitive Development in mid - late childhood
Concrete Operational Thought
-Made up of operations = mental actions that allow children to do mentally what they had done physically before (mental actions reversible)
-conservation

-Important skill is classification:
-ability to classify or divide things into different sets or subsets and to consider their interrelationships
Cognitive Development #2 in mid - late childhood
Seriation: concrete operation involving the ordering of stimuli along a quantitative dimension (length)

Transitivity: ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions (relations between classes)
-three sticks (A,B,C) of different lengths
-Concrete operational thinker understand that a>b, b>c, a>c
Memory in mid to late childhood
-Long-term memory
-relatively permanent, unlimited type of memory (holds huge amounts of information)
-increases with age during mid - late childhood
-Knowledge and Expertise
Intelligence Tests
The Binet Tests
-Mental Age(MA) - measure of an individual's level of mental development relative to others

Intelligence Quotient (IQ) - Person's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100


Wechsler Scales
-Measure overall IQ
-Eleven subscales:
-verbal IQ
-Performance IQ:
-vocab
-arithmetic
-digit span
-block design
Intelligence Tests #2
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
-Three main types of intelligence
-Analytical - analytical thinking and abstract thinking
-Creative - solve new problems quickly
-Practical - Grasps real-life problems... "street smarts"
Gardner's Theory
Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

-Verbal
-Mathematical
-Spatial
-Bodily-kinesthetic
-Musical Skills
-Interpersonal
-Intrapersonal
-Naturalist
Factor Approaches (to intelligence)
Two-factor theory - Spearman's theory that individuals have both general intelligence "g" and specific intelligences

Multiple-factor Theory - Thurnstone's theory that intelligence consists of seven primary mental abilities
Mental retardation
-Condition of limited mental ability
-Low IQ on traditional test of intelligence
-below 70
-difficulty adapting in everyday life
-~5 million americans fit this definition
Socialemotional Development in mid to late childhood
Development of self-understanding

Shifts towards:

-Defineing self in terms of internal characteristics
-psychological characteristics (personality traits)

-including social characteristics in self definition... girl scout, religious affiliation

Social comparison - compare self to others
Self-Esteem
Global evaluating yourself
Increasing children's self-esteem
-Identify cause of low self-esteem
-provide emotional support and social approval
-help children to achieve
-encourage coping skills
Self-concept
domain specific... student aptitude, appearance, etc.
Industry vs. inferiority
Erikson's 4th developmental stage
-children attempt to master many skills
-develop sense of competence or incompetence
-schools can be important
Emotional self-awareness
-being able to separate feelings from actions
-managing emotions
-being able to read emotions in others
-Understanding context - won't elicit same emotions in every situation
-Handling relationships
Coping with stress in mid childhood
Learning how to cope - important aspect of child's life

With age:
-able to more accurately appraise a stressful situation and determine how much control they have over it
-can generate more coping alternatives to stressful conditions
-cognitive strategies
-reframing
Gender Stereotyping
Broad Categories that reflect our impressions and beleifs about males and females
-Traditional masculinity and femininity... males instrumental, females expressive

pervasive across cultures

children stereotype occupations
report and rapport talk
Report Talk
-Provides info
-favored by males
Rapport talk
-For conversation, establishing connections and negotiating relationships
-favored by females
Aggression in boys and girls
boys: physically aggressive

Girls: relationally aggressive (spreading rumors)

conflict about if girls are actually more relationally aggressive
Societal Changes in Families
Step-Families
-structures: step fathers or mothers, blended
-we see adjustment problems similar to problems during divorce... academic and self-esteem issues
-but children are resilient and most navigate it well
-most vulnerable time - early adolescence

Latchkey Children
-Do not see parents from school to 6-7pm
-academic and drug use problems

Gay and lesbian parents
-few differences in children growing up
Physical and Cognitive development in adolescence
Adolescents not a homogeneous group
-about 70% have a positive self-image... a little more`
Definition of Puberty
Period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes

Puberty is NOT a single, solitary event
Puberty Changes (onset determined by)
nutrition- malnurishment can cause delay
Health - chronic health condition... Steroids prior to puberty might delay it
Heredity- familial pattern
Body mass
Height and weight during puberty
growth spurt - occurs about 2 years earlier for girls

peak rate of pubertal changes - age 11.5 for girls, 13.5 for boys
Sexual Maturation in boys
-increase genital size
-pubic hair
-voice change
-first ejaculation
-armpit hair
-facial hair
Sexual Maturation in girls
-breast enlargement
-pubic hair (could be pretty simultaneous with breast enlargement)
-armpit hair
-hips widen
-first menstration
Body Image
-adolescents are more dissatisfied with their body during puberty than at other points in adolecence - females more than males
-increase in body fat can cause this in girls
-muscle madd in boys might make them feel more satisfied
Early and Late maturation in boys
-advantages to being early maturing rather than late-maturing
-early maturing boys perceive themselves more positively and have more successful peer relations
Early and late maturation in girls
-early maturing girls experience more problems in school
-experience more independence and popularity with boys
-more likely to smoke, drink, have depression, risk for eating disorders
-if they are experiencing more independence, dating earlier, sexual relationships earlier plus alcohol makes this bad
Adolescent sexuality
-adolescence time of sexual exploration and experimentation
-majority of adolescents have healthy sexual attitudes and engage in sexual practices that will not compromise their development
-males engage in sexual behavior about a year before females
The progression of adolescent sexual behaviors
adolescents engage in a consistent progression of sexual behaviors
-necking
-petting
-intercourse/oral sex

By age 19, about 1 in 5 have not had sex

80% of girls, age 15, are still virgins
70% of boys, age 15, are still virgins
Risk Factors for sexual problems
Adolescents who engage in sex before 16 are the least effective users of contraception
First Intercourse
80% of the time use contraceptive... most times a condom
The pill
50% of women use it

1/3 of women also use an additional method of condoms or withdrawal
Pregnancy risk
A sexually active adolescent who does not use contraceptives has a 90% chance of pregnancy within a year
STDs
3 million acquire STD per year
-a single act of unprotected sex with an infected partner
1% of HIV
30% genital herpes
50% gonorrhea
Adolescent pregnancy
-US continues to have one of the highest rates of adolescent pregnancy and childbearing rates in the industrialized world
-In 2000 US births to adolescents girls fell to a record low
-Reason - use of contraceptives and fear of STD
Consequences of adolescent pregnancy
-infants born to teen mothers are more likely to have
-low birth weights
-neurological problems
-childhood illness
-adolescent mothers often drop out of school
Eating problems and disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
-characterized by the refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight for age and height
-lifetime prevalence (increased in recent decades)
-.5% in females, one tenth of that in males
-increase risk if you have a first-degree relative with the disease
-concordance in identical twins
(you can have a binge and purge type of anorexia)
Criteria to diagnose in DSM
-refusal to maintain body weight at or above normal weight and height (weight lees than 85% of "normal")
-intense fear of gaining weight and becoming fat - found in bulimia too but it's more focused in anorexia
-distorted image of own body shape/weight and denial of seriousness of current, low body weight - maintained by restrictive eating
Bulimia Nervosa
Characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors to reduce weight gain such as:
-self-induced vomiting
-Use of laxatives
-fasting
-excessive exercise

Lifetime prevalence:
Women - 1-3%, Men 1/10th that of women
*familial trend with anorexia, MZ concordance rates, but not much familial evidence for bulimia
Binge Eating
eating in a discrete period of time, an amount of food larger than most people would eat, lack of control, done in secrecy occurs at least twice a week for a 3 month period
Adolescent Health
-Adoption of behaviors relevant to good health critical during adolescence
-Many factors linked to poor health habits, early death begin in adolescence
Leading Causes of Death in Adolescence
Accidents - involving automobiles, due to? (risk behaviors, DUI)
Homicide - 15-19 years, especially high among African American male adolescents
Suicide - 6% of deaths in 10-14 age, 12% in 15-19 age groups
Piaget's Theory
Formal operational stage
Thought is more abstract, characterized by
-verbal problem-solving ability
-Thought is more logical
-Hypothetical-deductive reasoning, scientific thinking
Adolescent Egocentricism
-Heightened self-consciousness
-Dissected into two types of social thinking
-imaginary audience
-personal fable - sense of personal uniqueness
Sense of invincibility
Self-Esteem in adolescence
Drops significantly during adolescence for both males and females
-other studies show that males increase, females decrease
-adolescent self-esteem related to positive family relationships
-Decrease in self-esteem in girls involves body image, social peer relationships
Identity in adolescence
Erikson termed the period of adolescence a "psychological moratorium"
-5th stage of development - Identity vs. Identity confusion
-Adolescence - gap between security of childhood and autonomy of adulthood
-Experimenting with numerous roles, identities, from different contexts
Elements of Identity
Vocational/career
Political
Religious
Relationship
Sexual
Cultural/ethnic
Identity development in adolescence
lengthy process, extremely complex, neither begins nor ends at adolescence
Identity Statuses and Development
James marcia concluded that four identity statuses/modes of resolution appear in erikson's theory

Crisis - choosing amoung meaningful alternatives
Commitment - showing personal investment in what they are going to do

crisis/commit
Identity Diffusion -- --
Identity Foreclosure -- +
Identity Moratorium + --
Identity achievement + +

Young adolescents are primarily in diffusion, foreclosure or moratorium

Things that help - confidence in parental support, sense of industry, self-reflective perspective on the future
Family Influences on Identity
Democratic Parents - encourage adolescents to participate in family decision making, foster autonomous thought and therefore fostering identity achievement
Autocratic Parents - control adolescents behavior, allowing minimal expression, encourage IDENTITY FORECLOSURE
Permissive Parents- provide little guidance, allow them to make their own decisions, promote IDENTITY DIFFUSION
Promoting individuality and connectedness to develop adolescents identity
The presence of a family atmosphere that promotes both individuality and connectedness is important in adolescents' identity development
INDIVIDUALITY
-self-assertion - ability to have and communicate a point of view
-separatedness - use of communication patterns to express how one is different from others
CONNECTEDNESS
-mutuality - sensitivity to and respect for others' views
-permeability - openness to others' views
CULTURE/ ETHNICITY
-Increases with age, higher level of ethnic identity is linked to more positive attitudes to one's own culture and towards others
Peer Groups - cliques and crowds
Cliques and crowds - allegiance to cliques can exert powerful control over lives of adolescents; group identity can override personal identity

Cliques - smaller group, same age/sex, circle of friends, part of same club

Crowd - much larger, less personal
Adolescent groups vs. children groups
Children groups - made up of friends or neighborhood aquaintances
Adolescent groups tend to include a broader array of members
-more heterogeneous
Ethnicity in adolescence
Value conflicts, assimilation, and pluralism
Assimilation - absorption of ethnic minority groups into the dominant group
Pluralism - coexistence of distinct ethnic and cultural groups in the same society
Depression in adolescence
More likely to occur in adolescence than in childhood
-adolescent girls have higher rates than boys
Females
-tend to ruminate in their depressive moods
-self-images are more negative than males
-face more discrimination than males

Family factors create risk for depression:
parent is depressed
parent emotionally unavailible
marital problems
SES
Divorce

Also peers:
How they navigate relationships
-rejection
-solitary personality
-small social support
Suicide
Third leading cause of death in 13-19 years old
-males are about 3X more likely to succeed in committing suicide
-females attempt more frequently
-adolescents who commit suicide:
-often have depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation
-experience a sense of hopelessness
-suffer from low self-esteem
Emerging adulthood
The transition from adolescence to adulthood
-can be prolonged
-range from 18-25 years of age

Still exploring: cover paths, identity and relationships
Becoming an adult (qualifications)
The most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood is when an individual first takes a permanent, full-time job
-Economic independence
-taking responsibility for oneself
-coming to grips with beliefs and values
-being on an equal playing field with parents
Stress in transition from adolescence to adulthood
Today's college students experience more stress and more depression than in the past
-academic circumstances
-Personal circumstances
-feeling overwhelmed
-pressure to succeed
-get a job
-make enough money
Education in transition from adolescence to adulthood
US - 2001 - 29% of 25 to 29 year-olds had at least a bachelor's degree

Canada had the largest percent of 18-21 year-olds attending college (41%)

More than 1 out of every 5 college students is a returning student... might be a little inaccurate
The Peak and Slowdown in physical performance
Most of us reach our peak physical performance and are the healthiest between 19 and 26

-few young adults have chronic health problems

-muscle tone and strength usually begin to show signs of decline around age 30
Obesity in transition from adolescence to adulthood
>60% of US adults are eiter overweight or obese

Obesity is associated with risk of:
-hypertension
-diabetes
-cardiovascular disease
Dieting in transition from adolescence to adulthood
Many divergent interests are involved in the topic of dieting:
-the public
-health professionals
-policy makers
-the media
-the diet industry
-the food industry

High correlation of rapid weight change and chronic illness
Smoking
leading preventative cause of chronic illness
Exercise in transition from adolescence to adulthood
Exercise helps prevent CVD, diabetes, strengthens bones and muscles, promotes flexibility and reduces anxiety

Aerobic exercise - sustained exercise that stimulates heart and lung activity

Anaerobic exercise -
without oxygen"

Weight-baring is the best
Alcohol in transition from adolescence to adulthood
A recent study showed that 44% of students surveyed engaged in binge drinking
-established by amount over short period of time

Problems reported by almost half of binge drinkers include:

-missing classes
-troubles with police
-physical injuries
-having unprotected sex

1 in 9 people who binge drunk go on to have a dependency
Cigarette Smoking percents
Linked to 30% of cancer deaths, 21% of heart disease deaths, and 82% of chronic pulmonary disease deaths
Addiction and Dependence requirements
Addiction is a pattern of behavior characterized by an overwhelming involvment with using a drug and securing its supply

Dependence:
-tolerance
-withdrawal
Disease Model of Addiction
Described addictions as:
-biologically based
-lifelong diseases
-involve a loss of control over behavior
-require medical and/or spiritual treatment for recovery

USE = environmental factors
ABUSE + DEPENDENCE = genetics
The Life-Process Model of Addiction
-addiction is not a disease
-rather a habitual response and a source of gratification or security
-can be understood only in the context of social relationships and experiences
Success rate for addiction
1/3 recover
Cognitive stages: Piaget's view in transition from adolescence to adulthood
FORMAL OPERATIONAL THOUGHT

-young adults are more quantitatively advanced in their thinking
-adults especially increase their knowledge in a specific area
-adults are more systematic and sophisticated about intellectual problems
Post-Formal Stage? Book Postulates 5th stage...
understanding that:
-the correct answer to a problem requires reflective thinking
-may vary from one situation to another
-the search for truth is an ongoing, never-ending process
-solutions to problems need to be realistic
-understand that emotion - abstract things - influence thinking
Personality
Multi-Dimentional Personality questionnaire

Holland's six personality types
-realistic - doing things
-investigative - thinking/ideas
-artistic - creative/ideas, things
-Social - helping/people
-Enterprising - managing/people
conventional - conforming/data
Attachment in Adulthood
SECURELY ATTACHED
About 50-60% of adults are securely attached
-provide realistic, coherent descriptions of their childhood
-understand how past experiences affect their current lives are adults

INSECURE-DISMISSING
Approximately 20-30% of adults fall into this category of attachment
-don't want to discuss their parent relationships
-memories often focus on being rejected or neglected

INSECURE-PREOCCUPIED
Approximately 15% of adults
-readily talk about relationships but tend to be incoherent and disorganized
-unable to move beyond their childhood issues with parents
-often express anger toward them or ongoing efforts to please them
Attachment and Romantic Relationships
Romantic partners fulfill some of the needs for adults as parents do for children
-adults count on romantic partners for a secure base
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Erikson believes that intimacy should come after individuals are well on their way to establishing stable and successful identities
-describes intimacy as finding oneself yet losing oneself in another person
-if intimacy is not developed in early adulthood, the individual may be left with isolation
Intimacy and Independence
-Early adult years are the time when individuals usually develop an intimate relationship with another individual
-At the same time demonstrating a strong interest in independence and freedom, something that has important implications for early adulthood
The Family Life Cycle
Leaving Home and Becoming a Single Adult

The New Couple

Becoming Parents

The Family with Adolescents

The Family at Midlife

The Family in Later Life
Leaving Home and Becoming a Single Adult
-"Launching"
-youths move into adulthood and exit their family of origin
-adequate completion of launching requires separating from family without cutting ties completely
-Sort out emotionally what they:
-will take from family of origin
-will leave behind
-what they will make themselves into
The New Couple
-two individuals unite to form a new family system
-involves both
-development of marital system
-realignment with extended families and friends to include spouse (goes beyond individuals to families)
Becoming Parents
-Adults now move up a generation and become caregivers to the younger generation
-success in this stage requires:
-commitment of time as parent
-understanding the roles of parents
-adapting to the developmental changes in children
RESPONSIBILITY
The Family with Adolescents
Adolescence is a period in which individuals strive for autonomy and develop their own identity

-parents tend to adopt one of two strategies:
-pressure kid to conform
-permissiveness
(neither is very good)
Family at Midlife
-Launchee becomes launcher
-playing an important role in linking generations
-adapting to midlife changes in development
-lives longer now... parents have more time after launch
The Family in Later Life
Retirement alters a couple's lifestyle, requiring adaptation
Marital Trends
-More adults are remaining single longer these days
-average duration of a marriage in the US is currently just over 9 years
-In a recent national survey, young adults identified what was important for a marriage to be emotionally deep and communicative
Changing Middle Age
Middle adulthood ~ age 40 - about 60

In recent studies, 1/2 of those 65-69 and 60-75 year-olds considered themselves to be middle-aged
Physical changes in Middle Age - Visible
-visible signs of aging apparent by 40's or 50's
-skin begins to wrinkle and sag due to loss of fat and collagen in underlying tissue
-pigmentation change - aging spots
-hair thins and greys
Physical changes in Middle Age - Height and Weight
-Adults lose about one-half inch of height per decade beginning in the 40's
-body fat accounts for about 10% of body weight in adolescence... about 20% in middle age
Physical changes in Middle Age - strength, joints, and bones
-Muscle strength decreases noticeably by mid 40's
-progressive bone loss starting in late 30's
-women experience about twice the rate of bone loss as men
Sarcopinia
loss of muscle mass and strenth
Physical changes in Middle Age - Cardiovascular System
20-year-old heart beat pumps 40 liters of blood per minute... 40-year-old heart pumps about 23 liters per minute under comparable conditions
-cholesterol level increases with age
Physical changes in Middle Age - lungs
-At about age 55, the proteins in lung tissue become less elastic
-This change combined with gradual stiffening of the chest wall, decreases the lung's to shuttle oxygen from lungs through blood and veins
Health and Disease in Middle Age
*Chronic disorders, characterized by a slow onset and long duration, increase in middle adulthood
#1Arthritis leading to chronic disorder at mid-age
#2 Hypertension
-the most chronic disorders vary for men and women... men have more fatal chronic illnesses while women have more non-fatal
Type A and Type B Behavioral Patterns in Middle Age
Type A - excessive competitiveness, drive, impatience, and hostility - thought to be related to the incidence of heart disease

Type B - individuals who are relaxed, "easy going"
Hardiness
A PERSONALITY STYLE characterized by a sense of commitment, control and a perception of problems as challenges... not crisises
-"Hardy" individuals less likely to succumb to illness when exposed to stressful situations
Mortality Rates in Middle Age
-Until the mid-20th century, infectious illness was the main cause of death
-now, chronic disease is
#1 Heart Disease
#2 Cancer
#3 Stroke
#4 Accidents
#5 Pulmonary disease
Hormonal Changes in Middle-aged Men
-Testosterone production begins to decline about 1% a year during middle adulthood
-sperm count shows a slow decline
-men do not lose their fertility in middle age
-sexual drive often decreases
Intelligence in Middle Age
Fluid Intelligence - one's ability to reason abstractly begins to decline

Crystallized intelligence - stuff like vocabulary continues to increase
Information Processing
/Reaction time
-decreases beginning in early adulthood
Erikson's Stage Theory - adulthood
Generatively v. Stagnation
-generativity encompasses adult's need to leave a legacy
-***A modification of Erikson's theory proposed that his three adult stages - intimacy, generativity and integrity - are best viewed as developmental phases within identity
Seasons of a Man's Life
Daniel Levinson

20's - novice phase of adult development

28-33 - determine goals

30's - focus on family and career development (in later 30's, "the boom" when one becomes one's own man)

40 - reach stable location in career... look foreward to middle adulthood

40-45 - encompass the change to middle adulthood
Levinson's Four Major Conflicts
-middle adulthood is the time that men come to grips with 4 conflicts that have existed since adolescence:
-being young vs. old
-being destructive vs. constructive
-being masculine vs. feminine
-being attached to others vs. seperate