Protein Synthesis

Front 1

What makes up a nucleotide?
What are a couple examples?

Back 1

a nitrogenous base + a sugar + a phosphate.
Ex: adenine + phosphate + ribose=(AMP) adenosine monophosphate

Front 2

What makes up a nucleoside?
What is an example?

Back 2

A nitrogenous base + a sugar.
Ex: Adenine + Ribose=Adenosine

Front 3

What does DNA consist of and how is it structured?

Back 3

DNA consists of 2 long chains of nucleotides consisting of a nitrogenous base, a sugar and a phosphate.
It is in two long chains that twist around each other in a spiral staircase called a double helix.

Front 4

What are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases?

Back 4

Purines and pyrimidines.

Front 5

Which nitrogenous bases are in the purines group?
All good.

Back 5

Adenosine
Guanine

Front 6

Which Nitrogenous bases are in the pyrimidine group?
Children U Tidy Up. or
CUT the pyramid.

Back 6

Cytocine
Uracil
Thymine
Pyramidine

Front 7

Binding relationship in DNA.
Adenosine-->?
Thymine-->?
Cytosine-->?
Guanine-->?

Back 7

Adenosine--> Thymine
Thymine-->Adenosine
Cytosine-->Guanine
Guanine-->Cytosine

Front 8

Binding Relationships in RNA.
Adenosine-->?
Uracil-->
Cytosine-->?
Guanine-->?

Back 8

Adenosine-->Uracil
Uracil-->Adenosine
Cytosine-->Guanine
Guanine-->Cytosine

Front 9

What are proteins made up of? What is a protein's role in a cell?

Back 9

Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.
they are the structural and functional unit of the cell.

Front 10

How are the sequences of amino acids determined?

Back 10

By the Genetic Code in DNA to distinguish one protein from another.

Front 11

What does the genetic code consist of in DNA?

Back 11

The genetic code consists of a series of nitrogenous bases, the 'recipe'.

Front 12

What is protein synthesis?

Back 12

The process of making proteins from the genetic code stored in DNA.

Front 13

What is RNA and what is it's role in protein synthesis?

Back 13

Ribonucleic Acid
It carries the assembly instructions for protein synthesis from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and ribosomes where protein is synthesized.

Front 14

What is mRNA's role? Where is it found?

Back 14

mRNA recieves the genetic code from DNA in the nucleus and brings it into the cytoplasm.

Front 15

What is tRNA's role in protein synthesis and where is it found?

Back 15

tRNA is found free floating in the cytoplasm and each one is specific to certain amino acids. It binds to it's amino acid and delivers it to the ribosomes for protein synthesis (assembly). Once it drops it's amino acid, it returns for another cycle.

Front 16

What is rRNA used for?
What is a ribosome?

Back 16

Ribosomal RNA manufactures ribosomes.
Ribosomes are where the amino acids are linked together during protein synthesis.

Front 17

The synthesis of mRNA, tRNa and rRNA are facilitated by what?

Back 17

The enzyme RNA polymerase.

Front 18

Trascription or Translation?
One of the first processes of protein synthesis:

Back 18

Trascription

Front 19

Trascription or Translation?
The process by which mRNA is created from the genetic code of DNA:

Back 19

Trascription

Front 20

Trascription or Translation?
The double-helix DNA (two strands) inside the nucleus is “unzipped”:

Back 20

Trascription

Front 21

Trascription or Translation?
The unzipped strand of DNA is exposed, so the nitrogenous bases (A,G,C,T) can be
transcribed to the mRNA molecule (U,C,G,A):

Back 21

Trascription

Front 22

A(denine) in DNA is always translated to _______ in RNA, not ______ :

Back 22

U(racil)
T(hymine)

Front 23

The strand of mRNA carrying genetic information travels from...?

Back 23

The nucleus,(nuclear membrane) to the cytoplasm, toward the ribosomes.

Front 24

The mRNA molecule is composed of nitrogenous bases(U,C,G,A) that are read in groups of three, what is this called?

Back 24

A Triplet Codon

Front 25

What is a nonsense/stop codon?

Back 25

Another kind of triplet codon which is used as an indicator to determine where one protein ends and another one begins.

Front 26

Transcription or Translation?
The process by which the genetic code is “translated” into an amino acid sequence:

Back 26

Translation

Front 27

Transcription or Translation?
tRNA molecules unite with their specific amino acid:

Back 27

Translation

Front 28

Transcription or Translation?
tRNA molecules transport and deliver their specific amino acids to the ribosomes,
where the mRNA molecules are waiting:

Back 28

Translation

Front 29

Transcription or Translation?
Each triplet codon on the mRNA molecule has a complementary codon called an anticodon on the tRNA molecule:

Back 29

Translation

Front 30

Transcription or Translation?
When the mRNA codon complements the tRNA anticodon, the tRNA molecule places

its particular amino acid in that position. Then, the (empty) tRNA molecules return to the cytoplasm to link up with new molecules of their specific amino acids;

Back 30

Translation