Posture And Balance Across The Lifespan Ch 12

Front 1

Musculoskeletal System changes in old age

Back 1

-declines in strength and endurance
-decreased ability to generate power (1st loss)
-demineralization of bones
-decreased flexibility stiffining of tissue
--decrease intervertebral disc height/ decreased lordosis

Front 2

how do postural changes effect balance

Back 2

base of support stays the same, but the COM moves posterior. this inc fall risk
-multisensory deficet occurs

Front 3

changes in older adults quiet stance

Back 3

-increased sway amplitude and velocity
-this also inc risk of falling

Front 4

changes in somatosensory system with age

Back 4

-inc vibratory threshold
-decreased tactile sensitivity and pressure sense

Front 5

changes in vision with age

Back 5

-increase visual threshold
-loss of visual field
-lost of contrast sensitivity
-loss of visual acuity
-greater relaince on visual cues

Front 6

changes in the vestibular system with age

Back 6

-40% loss of hair cells
-unreliable gravitational reference frame
-dimininished postural response to pertubation

Front 7

how do older adults compensate for sensory loss

Back 7

may maintain stability with loss of visual cues as long as somatosensory input is intact. However, of both are reduced , signifigant instability results

Front 8

Functional tests for balance (3)

Back 8

-forward reach
-timed up and go (TUG)
-Berg balance scale: 14 functional tasks to determine if someone is a high fall risk

Front 9

posture tests

Back 9

-clinical test of sensory integration of balance (CTSIB)
-sensory organization test (SOT)
-postural stress test

Front 10

When do the equilibrium rxn occur for prone, sitting, supine, quadraped, and standing?

Back 10

- prone: 6 mo
-supine: 7-8
-sitting: 7-8
-quadraped: 9-12
-standing: 12-24

Front 11

How long can children stand on one leg at ages of 3, 4, 5, and 6?

Back 11

-3: momentarily 1-3sec
- 4: 4-6 secomds
-5: 8-10 s-6:10+, eyes open or closed

Front 12

How do agonist/antagonists work together during postural sway?

Back 12

in both the ankle and hip EMGs show that synergies of multiple muscles work together

Front 13

What are the 3 components of anticipatory postural control?

Back 13

1. they are in advance of movment and are adaptable to that movement. they display motor synergies as reactive tasks
2. to scale response to perterbation based on prior to experience and expectations
3. cerebellum plays a major role

Front 14

What factors affect anticipatory postural control?

Back 14

-behavioral context and speed
-weight of load
-external support
-practice

Front 15

where do you test anticipatory postural control?

Back 15

at the edge of the BOS

Front 16

What is the job of the sensory system in regards to balance?

Back 16

transmits information to the CNS so that it knows if the body is stationary or in motion, where the body is in space. Allows the CNS to know how and when to apply restorative forces

Front 17

How does balance change with impairment?

Back 17

-less coordination
-wider BOS
-reduced speed

Front 18

what is the balance master?

Back 18

a device which tests vestibular, visual and sensiry information involvement in balance

Front 19

How do cognitive systems affect balance?

Back 19

- postural control commands attention, attention effects are small unless posture is stressed
-attenion demand depends on: age, balance capability, task demands and environmental conditions

Front 20

What are the automatic head righting reactions?

Back 20

-Neck
-labrinthine
-optical: eye orientation
-STNR and ATNR

Front 21

What are the automatic trunk righting reactions?

Back 21

-body : trunk rotation & abduction of external equilibrium
-landeau: babies want to pull head and neck into up-right aka baby seal trick

Front 22

What are the automatic righting reactions?

Back 22

-downward L/E 4-5mo
-forward, sideward, backwards, UE-- backwards develops last
-Stepping LE

Front 23

Models of postural control of stance?

Back 23

nasher and winter

Front 24

nasher model

Back 24

postual control is based on the support surface and degree of speed and displacement. mostly AP
-sway ankle when there is solid contact
-hip when narrowed base of support
-stepping when lose balance

Front 25

winter's stiffness model

Back 25

-muscles act like springs to control sway and then return to normal
-COP moves in phase with COM
-more multidirectional
-multiple muscle systems involved

Front 26

define limit of stability

Back 26

the area within a circle one can move the COM w/ out changing the base of support. normal on abnormal stability can be determined based on task

Front 27

The seven aspects of postural control

Back 27

-sensory organization: visual, vestibular and somatosensory
-limits of stability: COP in BOS
-musculskeletal system: a mechanically linked structures
-predictive central set: postural readiness
-motor coordination; smooth response to a change in posture
-eye-head stabilization: cerebral and vestibular system, eye gaze should be level
-environmental adaptation

Front 28

What are the 3 automatic postural adjustments

Back 28

righting reactions
protective reactions
equilibrium reactions

Front 29

define righting reaction

Back 29

the act of bringing the body or moving segments into alignment

Front 30

define protective reaction

Back 30

extremity response to quick displacement of the COG outside the BOS

Front 31

define equilibrium reaction

Back 31

more sophisticated than righting reactions; involve a total body response to a slow shif of the COG outside the BOS

Front 32

define postural orientation

Back 32

-body segements are aligned with one another
-body alignment relative to support surface
-body alignment relative to external objects
-body alignment relative to gravity

Front 33

define postural stability

Back 33

-balance
-controlling the body center of mass in relation to the base of support
-resistance to perturbations in quiet stance and during movement

Front 34

define postural control

Back 34

the process by which the CNS, somamtosensory system, and musculoskelatal system produce muscular strategies to regulate the relationship btwn the COM and BOS
- feet in place: control COM motion by legs and trunk motion
-change in support: alter BOS by stepping or grasping
-ALSO controlling the bodies position in space for the dual purposes of orientation

Front 35

types of postural control and balance

Back 35

-static aka steady state: COM within BOS
-reactive: righting or equilibrium response to perturbation
-anticipatory: preparation for movement to follow
-adaptive: modification of response due to condition changes

Front 36

define posture

Back 36

-attittude or position of body
-alignment of body segements relative to each other and relative to the outside world
-active; includes moving from one posture to another

Front 37

what is function of posture and balance

Back 37

-maintain alignment of body of body segements
-anticipate change in voluntary movements
-react to perturbations

Front 38

Balance provides a ____________ position against gravity which grants a base for ___________ movement. This equals___________

Back 38

-stable vertical
-voluntary, goal directed
-postural control

Front 39

what percent of fallers restrict their activity due to fear of falling again?

Back 39

50% unfortuanately being inactive inc their fall risk

Front 40

The promise of physical therapy

Back 40

repeated exposure to a given postural task, causes individuals to refine their response characteristics to optimize response effciency