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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 main types of sources of demographic data?
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Vita registration, census, survey
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Why was 1790 census of USA not a census by the definition?
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Not universal (slaves weren't counted)
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Name one survey done regularly in the USA
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Demographic and Health Surveys
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From what data is the "wealth index" constructed?
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Assets owned, source of drinking water
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Why do surveys typically have better data quality than censuses?
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Stratified sampling
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What does GDP stand for?
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Gross Domestic Product
the total market value of all goods/services produced in the country |
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Name 2 dynamic aspects of population change studied by demographers
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Births, Deaths
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Why might study of cemetery records give a biased picture of mortality in the past?
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Not everyone had grave markers; biased towards wealthy
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In what region do most of the ppl in the world live?
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Asia
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Which region has the highest pop growth rate?
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Sub-Saharan Africa
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What is the world pop size in 2012?
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7.1 billion
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About how many ppl are added to the planet each yr?
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82 million
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What is the bookkeeping equation of pop change?
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Pt = Po + B - D + I - O
(B = birth, D = death, I = immigrants, O = out migrants) |
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What is the simple rule to find doubling time given the rate of growth?
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Rule of 70
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What is the Rule of 70?
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A 1% growth rate will double the pop in 70 years
(0.5% = 140 years 2% = 35 years) |
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Name 2 countries in top 10 with highest rate of natural increase
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Niger, Uganda
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Name 2 countries in top 10 with lowest rate of natural increase
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Ukraine, Bulgaria
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Approximately how much is the US pop growing each yr?
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3 million
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About what proportion of US growth is due to immigration?
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33% (1 million)
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What are the 4 stages of demographic transition?
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1. High birth and death rates
zero/low growth 2. Death rates declining, birth rates still high high growth rate 3. Death rates and birth rates declining declining growth rate 4. Birth and death rates low low growth rate |
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Population momentum
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The ratio of ultimate pop size to current pop size if fertility immediately declines to replacement level
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Why is pop momentum an important concept for countries concerned about pop growth in the future?
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1
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Name 2 largest cities in the world in 1950. In 2010?
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NYC, Paris
Tokyo, Shanghai |
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Describe the epidemiological transition
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Shift in age structure of the mortality
Change in patterns of mortality/morbidity; from infectious diseases to non-communicable diseases |
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What is the def of the maternal mortality ratio
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the number of women who die during pregnancy and childbirth, per 100,000 live births
(# maternal deaths in yr*100,000)/(# live births in yr) |
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2 major causes of death in children under 5 in the world
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Diarrhea
Pneumonia |
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Infant mortality rate
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(# infant deaths in year * 1000)/(# live births in yr)
units: deaths per 1,000 live births |
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Neonatal mortality rate
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(# deaths of newborns in first month of life * 1000)/(# births)
units: deaths per 1,000 live births |
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Post-neonatal mortality rate
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(# deaths children 1-11 months)/(# births)
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Name one continent where polio has been eradicated
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North America
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How is malaria transmitted from human to human?
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Mosquitoes
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What is a simple low-cost treatment for diarrhea?
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Oral rehydration therapy
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Definition for expectation of life at birth
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Expected yrs a newborn will live if s/he survives according to survival rates given by current lvls of mortality by age in the pop
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Why is malnutrition very important even though it's rarely a cause of death in children?
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Leads to susceptibility of death through other causes
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Why is CDR a poor measure to compare the health of pop?
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CDR = crude death rate
CDR is affected by pop age structure. LDCs with young pop will often have lower CDR than MDCs even though overall health conditions are poorer. --> must be stratified by age |
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Name one way to prevent malaria
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Mosquito nets
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What is the intervention that prevents polio and measles?
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Vaccination
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The sum of cause-specific death rates in a pop gives what rate?
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Crude death rate
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Intermediate/proximate fertility variabe
VS Distal |
Biological determinants
Underlying determinants of fertility (socioeconomic, cultural. Health) |
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Name 3 intermediate fertility variables
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Married/in union
Contraception Induced abortion |
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TFR Definition
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Total fertility rate
The sum of age-specific fertility rates (must multily by 5 if 5-year age groups for ASFR) # of children a woman age 15 would have if she had children according to current fertility rates by age and survived to the end of reproductive yrs |
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ASFR
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Age Specific Fertility Rate
(# Live births * 1000)/(# women in age categ) (live births/1000 women |
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Fecundability
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Probability a women will conceive during a menstrual cycle
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Parity
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# children born alive to a woman
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Gravidity
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# pregnancies a woman has had
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Fecundity
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Physiological capacity to conceive
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Model of Fertility Change
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Distal --> Proximate --> Fertility Outcome
Distal = Education, Wealth, Place of Residence Proximate = Married, Contraception, Induced abortion |
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What is the most important intermediate determinant of fertility?
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Contraceptives
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What is the most important distal determinant of fertility?
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Female education
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Replacement fertility
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# births/woman so the pop exactly replaces itself in the long run
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What % of the world pop lives in countries with at/below replacement fertility?
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48% in 2010
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Postpartum amenorrhea
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the time period between the end of pregnancy and the resumption of menstruation after delivery
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Postpartum insusceptibility
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interval of time postpartum when woman is not at risk of conception either due to postpartum amenorrhea or postpartum abstinence
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Why is the duration of postpartum amenorrhea associated with the duration of breastfeeding?
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Duration and frequency of breast-feeding were positively related to length of postpartum amenorrhea
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What 5 yr age group of women typically has the highest fertility?
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20-24
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What are the 2 types of unintended pregnancy
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Mistimed
Unwanted |
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What are the most popular contraceptive methods in the world?
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Female sterilization
IUD |
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Approx how many sperm are in one ejaculate?
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150-300 million
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Where is the epididymis located?
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above the testis
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Where do fertilization usually occur?
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Fallopian tube
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What are the 2 phases of the menstrual cycle?
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Follicular (estradiol)
--> Ovulation <-- Luteal (progesterone) |
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What is the problem with oil lubricants and condoms?
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Allergic reactions, dulls the sensation of sex
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What contraceptive method is believed to have been responsible for the fertility decline in France in the early 1800s?
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Withdrawal
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In what region is under-5 mortality the highest?
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Sub-Saharan Africa
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What is the single most important direct cause of death for children worldwide?
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Malnutrition
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Name one micronutrient deficiency that contributes to child mortality
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Vitamin A deficiency (23% of deaths in children)
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In what region is malnutrition the greatest?
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Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
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Why is it important to begin breastfeeding within 30 min or 1 hour of birth?
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Your baby starts to receive the immunological effects of colostrum (has antibodies and nutrients)
i.e. Diarrhoea incidence dramatically less |
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Define exclusive breastfeeding
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the infant only receives breast milk without any additional food or drink, not even water
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What immunization is important for the mother to receive before or during pregnancy?
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Hepatitis B
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Name 2 important vaccines for children
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Hepaptitis B
Influenza |
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What is ORS?
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Oral Rehydration Solution - use of modest amounts of sugar and salt added to water in order to prevent and/or treat dehydration
(for use in oral rehydration therapy) |
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Name 2 preventive interventions for child mortality
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Breastfeeding
Water, Sanitation, Hygeine |
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Name 2 therapeutic interventions for child mortality
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Oral Rehydration therapy
Antibiotics for pneumonia |
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In what region is contraceptive use the lowest?
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Sub-Saharan Africa
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Name 3 reproductive health components
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Infertility
Contraception Abortion |
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Do abortion rates typically go up or down as contraceptive prevalence rises?
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Down
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What is the rationale for the statement “development is the best contraceptive?”
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Social development had a role in reducing the fertility rate at this time by creating a more conducive environment.
Although some developing countries can cover their own contraceptive costs, most lack the capacity to meet their own needs |
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What is the difference between a horizontal and a vertical health program?
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Vertical = one intervention (attacking one/a few health problems)
Horizontal = integrated interventions |
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Advantages of vertical health program
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One-off and done
There's a focus so easier for training/supervision Relatively inexpensive No need to improve local health infrastructure |
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In what decade was the contraceptive pill first marketed?
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1960s
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What is the “Mexico City” policy?
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Prohibits USAID from funding foreign NGOs that provide abortion services, legal or illegal, or that promote the its legalization, even if they use their own funds for these activities
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Female Sterilization
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Cauterize fallopian tubes
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Male Sterilization
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Cauterize vas deferens
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Exponential growth rate equation
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Pt = Po * e^(rt)
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Linear equation for population change
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P(t) = P(o) + k*t
k = number added per year |
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Age-Specific Death Rate Equation
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M(a) = D(a) * 1000/P(a)
M = mortality, D = number of deaths in time period, P = midpoint population # deaths/1000 people of a specific age group |
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Probability of becoming pregnant equation
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Probability(conceive in n months) = 1 – (1-p)^n
p = failure rate of contraception i.e. Periodic Abstinence for 5 years Failure rate = 25% 1-(1-0.25)^5 = 76% of women will be come pregnant in 5 years using periodic abstinence method |
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Total Fertility Rate Equation
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TFR = k*Sum(ASFR(a))
ASFR(a) = B(a)/W(a) and B = number of births to women of age a; W = midpoint number of women of age a. If age is in single years, k=1; if groups of 5 years then k=5. |
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Death
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Disappearance of life at any time after LIVE BIRTH
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Census Essential features
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Individual enumeration
Universality Simultaneity Periodicity |
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Globally, a higher rate of pop growth is associated with a lower rate of economic growth
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1
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Rate of natural increase
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1000*(B-D)/P
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Neonatal Tetanus
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bacteria
Babies develop arched back and convulsions Immunize with shot |
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Polio
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highly contagious
paralysis and death vaccine |
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ASFR between less and more developed regions
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Less dev have higher younger fertility rate
More dev have higher middle-age fertility rate |
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Pneumonia treatment
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antibiotics
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Iodized Salt and Vitamin A
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Important supplements
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IUD
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T-shaped device inserted into uterus
It suppresses growth of endometrium |
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Amount world population grows each year
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82 million
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Name a state in which euthanasia is permitted
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Washington
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