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181 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Approximately when did the world reach 1 billion people, 2 billion, 7 billion?
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1830, 1930, 2011
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Name 1 country in the top 10 with highest natural increase rate.
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Uganda
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Name 1 country in the bottom 10 with lowest natural increase rate.
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Bulgaria
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Why do scientists talk of a demographically divided world?
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different growth rates
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Approximately how much is the U.S. population growing each year?
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3 million
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Define the crude birth rate, crude death rate, crude rate of natural increase
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CBR = The number of live births occurring during the year, per 1,000 ppl
=1000*B/P CDR = The # deaths occurring during the year, per 1000 ppl. The sum of cause-specific death rates in a pop. = 1000*D/P CRNI = CBR -CDR |
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What is the bookkeeping equation of population growth?
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Pt = Po + B - D + I - O
(B = birth, D = death, I = immigrants, O = out migrants) |
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How can the absolute number of births increase if the crude birth rate is
declining? |
the denominator is increasing
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What is the only sustainable population growth rate in the long term?
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Zero
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Describe the stages of the demographic transition and draw a graph of same.
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1. High birth and death rates
zero/low growth 2. Death rates declining, birth rates still high high growth rate 3. Death rates and birth rates declining declining growth rate 4. Birth and death rates low low growth rate |
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What does the ‘baby boom’ in the U.S. refer to?
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Post–World War II baby boom between the years 1946 and 1964. Live births surged
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Describe what information that is used to derive the wealth index.
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Assets owned, source of drinking water, how many rooms in house, refridgerator
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What is the shape of the age specific death rate?
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Define the expectation of life at birth.
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Expected yrs a newborn will live if s/he survives according to survival rates given by current lvls of mortality by age in the pop
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Define the maternal mortality rate.
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the number of maternal deaths over the total number of live births x 100,000
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Name one public health intervention that led to declines in mortality in 19 th
century Europe. |
cleaner water
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Describe the epidemiological transition
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Shift in age structure of the mortality
Change in patterns of mortality/morbidity; from infectious diseases to non-communicable diseases |
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In what region is maternal mortality the highest?
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Sub-Saharan Africa
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Is malaria transmitted by female mosquitos, male mosquitos or both?
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Female
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What is the definition of fecundity?
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Physiological capacity to conceive
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What is the definition of fecundability?
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Probability a women will conceive during a menstrual cycle
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What is the definition of parity?
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# children born alive to a woman
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What is the definition of gravidity?
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# pregnancies a woman has had
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Sketch a typical pattern of age specific fertility
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Why is replacement level fertility (for TFR) about 2.1 births per woman
instead of 2.0? |
To account for infant mortality
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Name 3 of the intermediate fertility variables.
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Married/in union
Contraception Induced abortion |
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Why/how does age at marriage affect TFR in a population?
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As age increases tfr decreased
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What are the two types of unintended births?
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Mistimed
Unwanted |
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What background or distal variable is most closely associated with fertility levels?
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Female education
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What intermediate or proximate variable is most closely associated with fertility levels?
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Contraception
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Approximately how many sperm are there per ejaculate?
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150-300 million
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During which part of the menstrual cycle is progesterone high?
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Luteal
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Name 2 side effects of oral contraceptives.
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nausea, weight gain
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Briefly describe one of the fertility awareness methods.
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calendar-based; fertile days, infertile days measured by menstruation
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Give one reason why the withdrawal method is not very effective.
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pre-cum can still contain sperm; relies on perfect use
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What is LAM
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Lactational Amenorrhea Method
the temporary postnatal infertility that occurs when a woman is amenorrheic (not menstruating) and fully breastfeeding |
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Is contraceptive use typically lower in rural or urban areas? Why?
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lower in rural areas; less access
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In which region do most persons above age 65 live?
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Asia
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Which region has the population with the highest percentage of persons above
age 65? |
Europe
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What is the definition of the old age dependency ratio?
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Aged dependency ratio (ADR) = (Pop 65+/Pop 15‐64)*100
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What are the causes of population aging?
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increase in median age of a population, caused by fewer births and longer lives
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What one key item in a safe delivery kit helps prevent neonatal tetanus?
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sterile razor blade for cutting umbilical cord
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In what region are infant and child mortality the highest?
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Sub-Saharan Africa
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Name 2 of the top 5 causes of under 5 deaths in the world.
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Diarrhea
Pneumonia |
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In which region is low birth weight the highest proportion of births?
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Asia (India)
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Why is initiation of breastfeeding within an hour of birth important?
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Your baby starts to receive the immunological effects of colostrum (has antibodies and nutrients)
i.e. Diarrhoea incidence dramatically less |
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What is exclusive breastfeeding?
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the infant only receives breast milk without any additional food or drink, not even water
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Is neonatal or postneonatal mortality usually higher in developing countries?
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postneonatal
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Name 2 interventions to prevent neonatal deaths
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clean delivery practices; breastfeeding
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Name 3 vaccines recommended for children 0-6 years of age by WHO/UNICEF
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Hepatitis B, polio, measles
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What is a treatment for bacterial pneumonia?
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Antibiotics
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What therapy saves children with diarrhea from dying?
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Oral rehydration therapy
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What are treated bednets for?
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Mosquitoes
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Name 2 advantages of male sterilization over female sterilization
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outpatient procedure, reversible
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What is the definition of unmet need for contraception?
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Women have an unmet need if they
-are sexually active -do not want to have a child soon or at all -are not using any contraceptive method -are able to conceive |
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About how many abortions occur in the world each year?
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~45 million (43.8 million in 2008)
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What country is the largest donor of international population assistance?
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United States
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Name 4 contraceptive methods.
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Condom
IUD Female Sterilization (cauterize fallopian tubes) Male Sterilization (cauterize vas deferens) |
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What is “dual protection”?
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using two contraception methods concurrently
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Why might “abstinence only” programs in high schools be problematic?
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It doesn't work, and they don't teach contraception
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Name 2 species that have gone extinct
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dodo bird, java tiger
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Approximately what result does the ecological footprint exercise give for the
number of earths needed to support the current population of the world at the average standard of living? |
~3
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Name 2-3 common air pollutants.
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nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide
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Where is the ozone hole?
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Antarctica
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Name the country with the largest share of deforestation overall.
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Brazil
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How many other species do we share the planet with?
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6-12 million
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What is a ‘biological diversity hotspot’?
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where exceptional concentrations of endemic species are undergoing exceptional loss of habitat.
As many as 44% of all species of vascular plants and 35% of all species in four vertebrate groups are confined to 25 hotspots comprising only 1.4% of the land surface of the Earth. i.e. Phillippines, Madagascar, Polynesia, Caribbean |
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Name two areas that are biological diversity hotspots’
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Phillipines, Madagascar
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Name 2 endangered primate species.
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1
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Complete the sentence “When a species is gone....”
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it is gone forever
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Name the region and subregion of the world with the highest HIV prevalence
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Africa, Southern Africa
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What is the main mode of HIV transmission in Africa?
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sexual intercourse
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How do we estimate the prevalence of HIV in a population?
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Women attending antenatal clinics, Testing as part of general population surveys, Counseling and testing, Military (men get tested)
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How protective (what percent reduction in transmission to males) is male
circumcision against HIV? |
60% lower transmission
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Why is breastfeeding a dilemma for HIV-positive women who give birth?
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all breastmilk is contaminated and 1/4 of children will become infected through breastmilk. Presents a dliema because breast feeding provides essential nutrients and strengthens the immune system but puts child at risk for becoming infected with the virus
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Should more money go for HIV primary prevention or for HIV treatment? State
several reasons for each side. |
prevention- to stop an epidemic, treatment- majority of those infected are not receiving treatment
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Is cohabitation in the U.S. greater among college educated or among those with
only high school education? |
high school education
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Is the percent single among those 20-24 increasing or decreasing in the U.S.?
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Increasing
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Define the crude marriage rate, the crude divorce rate.
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CMR = Number of marriages per 1000 population = 1000*M/P. CDR = Number of divorces per 1000 population = 1000*D/P
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Why are so few women over age 90 years married?
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women have higher life expectancies than men, so by age 90 many women have been widowed beause men do not live as long
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State one good reason why premarital counseling would be good to make
mandatory and one good reason why it would be bad to make it mandatory. |
good- cost of counseling is signficantly less expensive than the cost of a divorce, divorce rates are high and are a burden for the economy and society so would be beneficial to lower the amount. bad- infringement on freedom and liberty for a couple to get married
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Define a mover, a migrant, an emigrant, an immigrant
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mover- a person who changes residence, migrant- a person who moves from one political residence to another, migrant-another, immigrant- person enters from an outside country, emigrant- departing to another country by crossing international boundaries
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What is the relationship between the propensity to migrate between two places
and the distance between them? |
The propensity of migration between two areas, all else being equal, is inversely proportional to the distance between the areas.
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Define the crude migration rate
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(inmigrants-out migrants)/midyear population x 1000
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How can you estimate net migration with data from 2 censuses and vital registration data in-between the census dates?
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Bookkeeping equation
(I-O) = (Pt-Po)-(B-D) (just derive it from Pt = Po + (I-O)-(B-D)) |
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How have the major countries of origin of immigrants to the US shifted from
the 19th to the 20th centuries |
19th Century was primarily European, 20th was Mexico/LAC
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What is the population of the world projected to be for 2050?
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~9.3 billion
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What were Malthus’ two postula and what proposition did he deduce from these?
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1. Food is necessary for man, 2. Passion between the sexes is necessary. He then deduced that the power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the Earth to produce
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What are the Malthusian positive checks on population
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war, famine, pestilence
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Name two things in the commons that are regulated today but were not regulated
200 years ago. |
Water, Air
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Why are demographers worried by the projections of population to 2050 for
Burkina Faso, Niger and Mali? |
They can't feed the population now
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Describe in 2-3 sentences what happened on Easter Island that is relevant to
Malthusian arguments? |
When humans initially arrived, was hugely covered in forests. Population peaked, but then declined, and the island was now barren. 21 tree species and 24 burd species extinct.
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What is the relationship, if any, between ethanol and world hunger?
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More corn being used on ethanol, less available for use in food
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What 3 demographic/ecological factors that are associated with conflict?
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Youth Bulge, Rate of urbanization, Cropland and/or water scarcity
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Name one instance when Malthusians have been proved wrong.
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Industrial revolution, agricultural revolution
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Name 2 infectious diseases transmitted by mosquitos.
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Malaria and West Nile Virus
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What did Julian Simon and Paul Ehrlich bet on?
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Ehrlich in 1980 bet that with increased population, the prices of metals would rise; Simon bet the opposite. (Elrich Lost)
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What are David Lam and Stan Becker betting on?
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Average (inflation-adjusted) index price of five foods monitored by the Food and Agriculture Organization–cereals, dairy, meat, oils and fats, and sugar.
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What is the cornucopian response to the problem of increasing water scarcity?
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Desalinization
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Underweight
Stunting wasting |
- low weight for age
- low height for age - low weight for height |
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Relative Risk (RR) of Death by Cause Due to Underweight Estimated From Random Effects Models
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Micronutrient Deficiencys that contribute to Child Mortality
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Vitamin A, Zinc
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Potential Child Mortality Reduction from Preventive Interventions
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Potential Child Mortality Reduction from Therapeutic Interventions
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Why would you expect out-migration rates to be higher for Rhode Island than for Texas?
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Because the size of rhode island is substantially smaller than Texas so there are more people per square mile in R.I. than in Texas
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What 10-year age group typically has the highest migration rates?
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20-29
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How could you estimate net migration using data from two censuses in a country? What other information would you need?
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(I-O) = (Pt-Po)-(B-D) Estimates net migration as difference in popuation counts at 2 time points and net vital events in-between.
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Mover
Migrant In-migrant Immigrant |
Mover—A person who changes residence
Migrant—A person who moves from one political area to another In-migrant—A person who moves in a political area within the same country Immigrant—An international migrant who enters the area from a place outside the country |
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Net Migration
Net Immigration Gross Migration |
Net Migration—In-migrants - Out-migrants
Net Immigration—Immigrants - Emigrants Note: Net migration for an area often includes both international and internal migration Gross Migration—In-migrants + Out-migrants = Migration turnover |
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The Migration Transition Graph (emigration and immigration)
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The Migration Transition Graph II
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Migration transition follows a characteristic trajectory, moving from low to high to low rates of out-migration, yielding an inverted U-shaped curve (the “migration hump”);
Traditionally this transition took 8 - 9 decades but Asian examples (South Korea) suggest this is now 3 – 4 decades. (Massey, 2003) |
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Basic Rule of Migration
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The propensity of migration between two areas, all else being equal, is inversely proportional to the distance between the areas.
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In-migration rate
Out-migration rate Crude net migration rate |
1000* I/P
1000*O/P 1000*[I-O]/P |
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Age-Specific Migration Rate
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Number of migrants of age group “a” per 1,000 population of age group “a”
= 1000*Ma/Pa |
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Sex-Specific Migration Rate
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Rates—Number of migrants of sex “s” per 1,000 population of sex “s”
=1000*Ms/Ps |
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Age-Sex-Specific Migration Rates
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—Number of migrants of age “a” and sex “s” per 1,000 population of age “a” and sex “s”
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Net Migration Equation aka balancing equation
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(I-O) = (Pt-Po) - (B-D)
Estimates net migration as difference in population counts at two time points and net vital events in-between |
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The “Healthy Migrant Effect”
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The phenomenon that immigrants are often in superior health relative to the resident population when they first arrive, despite lower socio-economic status (SES), and poorer health in place of origin
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Urban and Rural Population Graph Trend
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IDP
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Internally Displaced Person
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Typical age pattern of migration Graph
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% of US population foreign-born
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14%
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3 countries with high proportion foreign-born
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United Arab Emirates
Kuwait Singapore |
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migration transition
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when developing countries have higher levels of emigration, and developed countries tend to have higher levels of immigration
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What are the best ways to preserve species AND have a sustainable development for a country?
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Ecotourism, Special preservation areas wehre you can't have development
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Explain the IPAT formula
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Impact=population x affluence x technology
i.e. T: Miles/Gallon x CO2/Gall burned A: Miles/Year x Persons/Vehicle |
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Why is methane especially a problem
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20x more damaging than CO2
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What is a major source of lead poisoning in Baltimore?
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lead paint, lead in water pipes
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What living organisms in water pollution pose threats to public health?
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Cholera, Amoeba, E.Coli
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Why is an increase in livestock production a problem for the environment?
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methane emissions, waste build up
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Name two primate species that are endangered
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mountain gorilla, bonobos
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Name one bird or mammal species that has gone extinct since 1900
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Java Tiger
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What is the basic premise of Malthus?
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population growth is exponential/geometrical while resource supply is arithmetical
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Why the 1-child family if 2 child family is replacement?
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Population Momentum
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Why is more famine likely in the near future?
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population grows geometrically while food grows arithmatically so with population growth we will not be able to support the increasing amoutn of people. also amount of arable land is little. almost all possible land for food is already in use so cannot increase
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Name two potential “emerging infections”.
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SARS, E. Coli
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What is the ecological concept of ‘overshoot’ vis a vis population and resources?
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a population exceeds the long term carrying capacity of its environment
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State one argument of the cornucopians vis a vis population.
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with population growth there will be more people so more brains to find solutions to the problems
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What is the projected world population in 2050?
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~9.3 billion
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Why is rapid spread of infectious diseases around the globe more likely now than it was 30 years ago?
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The world globaization has dramatically increased, including amount of travel world-wide by planes and boats
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What is the maximum proportion of all HIV transmissions that can occur within married couples (in a stable situation)?
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50%, at least one person must be infected in order to transmit the infection to the partner. Thus it'd be impossible for transmission to exceed 50% at the population level
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Is age at marriage rising or falling in the USA?
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Rising
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Is the (crude) marriage rate rising or falling in the USA?
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Rising
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Do persons in the USA tend to marry more or less than West and North Europeans?
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Marry More
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Are those who cohabit before marriage more or less likely to get divorced than those who do not?
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Less likely
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Global Temp and CO2 Graph
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Who emits the most CO2?
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United States
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What are primary air pollutants?
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Sulfur Oxides (from coal/oil burning)
Nitrogen Oxides Carbon Monoxide |
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What is a secondary air pollutant?
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Ozone
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Course of HIV-I Disease Graph
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Are women or men more affected by HIV?
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Women
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Distirbution of Reported AIDS cases by age and gender
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Demographic impact of HIV/AIDS
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Women hardest hit
Distorted population growth pyramid Shorter life expectancy Economic impact Orphans |
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What were the Malthus preventive checks?
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celibacy
late marriage abstinence within marriage vice [frequenting prostitutes; “unnatural acts” (non-procreative sex) Birth control] |
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What does it mean if a community is demographically trapped? (King)
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a) At practicable levels of technology it exceeds the carrying capacity of its local ecosystem (too many people for the land to support)
b) It has no new land to migrate to c) It has too few exports to exchange for food and other essentials” |
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Pestilence
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Newly emerging infections
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net migration
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in migrants - out migrants
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Net immigration
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immigrants - emigrants
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gross migration
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in-migrants + out-migrants = migration turnover
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In-migration rate
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in-migrants/population * 1000
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Out-migration rate
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out-migrants/population * 1000
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Crude net migration
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I - O/population * 1000
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Age-specific Migration Rate
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# migrants of age group a/population of age group a * 1000
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Sex-Specific Migration Rate
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# migrants of sex x/ population of sex x * 1000
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Net migration as difference in population counts at 2 points and net vital events in between
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(I - O) = (Pt - P0) - (B - D)
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Ol-Age Dependecy Ratio
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pop 65+/pop 15-64 * 1000
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Ol-Age Dependecy Ratio
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pop 65+/pop 15-64 * 1000
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Crude Marriage Rate
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# marriages/population * 1000
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General Marriage Rate
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# marriages/population 15+ * 1000
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General Marriage Rate (female)
General Marriage Rate (male) |
# marriages/population(female) 15+ * 1000
# marriages/population(male) 15+ * 1000 |
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Total Marriage Rate
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total # marriages person will have at the end of his/her marriageable age if he/she follows the given schedule of marriage
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Total First Marriage Rate (TFMR)
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sum(65+) Ma/Pa
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Total Remarriage Rate
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TMR - TFMR
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Crude Divorce Rate
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# divorces/population * 1000
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General Divorce Rate
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# divorces/population 15+ * 1000
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Divorce Rate Among Married
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# divorces/married persons * 1000
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What is the major source of water pollution on the Eastern shore of Maryland
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Chickens
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What's the world population?
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7.2 billion
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What % of US population is foreign born?
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12%
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What % of the population lives in urban areas?
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52%
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3 reproductive health components
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breastfeeding, contraception, infertility, abortion
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