Poly Vocab Exam 2

Front 1

Administrative Discretion

Back 1

The latitude that Congress gives agencies to make policy in the spirit of their legislative mandate

Front 2

Concurrence

Back 2

The agreement of a judge with the Court's majority decision, for a reason other than the majority reason.

Front 3

Delegation of Powers

Back 3

The process by which Congress give the executive branch the additional authority needed to address new problems.

Front 4

Inherent Powers

Back 4

Authority claimed by the president that is not clearly specified in the Constitution. Typically, these powers are inferred from the Constitution.

Front 5

Incrementalism

Back 5

Policymaking characterized by a series of decisions, each instituting modest change.

Front 6

Legislative Liaison Staff

Back 6

Those people who compose the communications link between the White House and Congress, advising the president or cabinet secretaries on the status of pending legislation.

Front 7

Franchise

Back 7

The right to vote- aka suffrage.

Front 8

Precedent

Back 8

A judicial ruling that serves as the basis for the ruling in a subsequent case.

Front 9

Regulatory Commission

Back 9

An agency of the executive branch of government that controls or directs some aspect of the economy.

Front 10

Judicial Activism

Back 10

A judicial philosophy whereby judges interpret existing laws and precedents loosely and interject their own values in court decisions.

Front 11

Judicial Review

Back 11

The power to declare congressional (and presidential) acts invalid because they violate the constitution.

Front 12

Pocket Veto

Back 12

A means of killing a bill that has been passed by both houses , in which the president doesn't sigh the bill and Congress adjourns within 10 days of the bill's passage.

Front 13

Senatorial Courtesy

Back 13

A norm under which a nomination must be acceptable to the home state senator from the president's party

Front 14

Solicitor General

Back 14

The third highest official of the U.S. Department of Justice, and the one who represents the national government before the Supreme Court.

Front 15

Standard Socioeconomic Model

Back 15

A relationship between socioeconomic status and conventional political involvement: people with higher status and more education are more likely to participate than lower people.

Front 16

Bureaucracy

Back 16

A large, complex organization in which employees have specific job responsibilities and work within a hierarchy of authority

Front 17

Conventional Participation- Def.

Back 17

Relatively routine behavior that uses the established institutions of representative government, especially campaigning for candidates and voting in elections.

Front 18

Unconventional Participation- Def.

Back 18

Relatively uncommon behavior that challenges or defies established institutions or the dominant culture. EX: strikes

Front 19

Direct Actioin

Back 19

Unconventional participation, involving assembling crowds to confront businesses and local gov'ts to demand hearing.

Front 20

Unconv. partic.- in Am. and the World

Back 20

We all do it.

Front 21

Supportive Behavior

Back 21

Action expressing allegiance to country and gov't. EX: Pledge of Allegiance- voting

Front 22

Influencing Behavior

Back 22

Behavior to modify or reverse gov't policy to serve political interests. -

Front 23

PARTICULAR BENEFITS=
-individuals are selfish

Back 23

BROAD POLICY OBJECTIVES=
-activities that influence the selection of gov't personnel and policies - little or high initiative

Front 24

Class Action Suit

Back 24

A legal action brought by a person or group on behalf of a number of people in similar circumstances.

Front 25

Voter Turnout

Back 25

% able who vote

Front 26

Conventional Participation in AM.

Back 26

U.S. Less active than most other countries.

Front 27

Suffrage

Back 27

The right to vote, aka franchise.

Front 28

Franchise

Back 28

The right to vote, aka suffrage.

Front 29

Enfranchisement of
A) Blacks
B) Women

Z)18 vote

Back 29

A) 5th amendment.
B)1920 #19

Z) 1971 #26

Front 30

Progressivism

Back 30

Philosophy of political reform based on the goodness and wisdom of the individual citizen aas opposed to special interests and political institutions.

Front 31

Progressive Era

Back 31

Strongest 1900-1925

Front 32

PRO-E
Direct Primary

Back 32

Preliminary election, run by the state governments, where the voters choose the party's candidates for general election.

Not by party leaders.

Front 33

PRO-E
Recall

Back 33

The process for removing an elected official from office.
Special election initiated by a petition signed my a specified number of voters.

Front 34

PRO-E
Referendum

Back 34

An election on a policy issue.
Direct vote by the people on either a proposed law or an amendment to a state constitution. Measures subject to pop. vote known as propositions. Most referenda are placed on ballot by legislatures, not voters

Front 35

PRO-E
Initiative

Back 35

A procedure by which voters can propose an issue to be decided by the legislature or by the people in a referendum.
Gathering specific # of signatures then submitting the petition to a designated state agency.

Front 36

Political Participation forms

Back 36

Expansion of Suffrage, Voting on Policies, and Voting for Candidates

Front 37

Political Participation - Variables

Back 37

Socioeconomic Status. AGE- YOUNG- vote less but protest more, OLDER= vote more until 65 then decline. RACE- Blacks now participate at same rate if socioE Stat removed. Gender- Women now very similar to men. MARRIED- vote more. Single- vote less. EDUCATION- strongest single factor. *

Front 38

Electoral Participation Overtime

Back 38

% have all =/+ except pres voting. 92 voting spike,

Front 39

voting shows

Back 39

allegiance to nation, obtaining particularized benefits, influencing broad policy.

Front 40

U.S. vs. Other

Back 40

Different voting laws and administrative machinery.

to +. -change vote tues to weekend, make public holiday, or mk 2 days. + party-group links.
Others- registration on the gov't not the ppl.

Front 41

Normative Perspective

Back 41

Don't worry about low voter turnout, citizens have right/freedom to either vote or not.

Front 42

Voting Pluralist Dem.

Back 42

many avenues for resourceful citizens to influence gov't decisions

Front 43

Voting Majoritarian dem.

Back 43

relies heavily on elections and 1 person 1 vote. offer poor/average ppl opportunity to influence gov't decisions thru elections

Front 44

Majoritarian- role of pub opnion

Back 44

gov't should do what the majority ow the public wants.

easily attacked b/c- Prayers at graduations not allowed although %75 of ppl wanted.
Majority not always win over gov't.

Front 45

Pluralists- role of pub opinion

Back 45

Subgroups within the public do express opinions on specific matters- often and vitorously.

Front 46

Majoritarian

Back 46

Assumes the majority of the people are knowledgeable.

Front 47

Pluralist

Back 47

Public uninformed/ ambivalent about specific issues.

Front 48

Distribution

Back 48

Favor, Don't know, Oppose

Front 49

Skewed Distribution

Back 49

Mode- to one side
-usually bellshaped

Front 50

Bimodal Distribution

Back 50

2 responses very close together
-M shaped

Front 51

Normal Distribution

Back 51

Center at height- symmetrical bellshape

Front 52

Stable Distribution

Back 52

Little change over time

Front 53

Political Socialization

Back 53

Early Years- Family, School, Community, Peers

Front 54

Social Groups, Political Values

Back 54

Education, Income, Region, Race/Ethnicity, Religion, Gender.

Front 55

Issue Framing

Back 55

The way that politicians or interest group leaders define an issue when presenting it to others.

Front 56

Public Opinion doesn't rule in U.S.- only general boundaries for gov't policy. has 3 shapes. bimodal= greatest potential for political conflict.

Back 56

3 greatest political differences stem from education, race, religion. Not income or region.

Front 57

Most accurate assumptions of pub opinion-?
-Sometimes public shows clear and settled on gov't policy= majoritarian
However public opinion often not grounded in knowledge thus unstable on given issue

-Lack of consensus allows politicians to decide=PLURALIST

Back 57

Exe Pwrs 7 -Serve as administrative head of the nation. -Act as commander in chief of the military. -Convene Congress. -Veto Legislation- Appoint various officials. -Make treaties. -Grant pardons.

Front 58

Admin had to nation

Back 58

Supervise and offer leadership to various departments, agencies, and programs created by Congress. - Really- More time making policy decisions for his cabinet departments and agencies, than enforcing existing policies.

Front 59

Act as commander

Back 59

But Cong. pwr to declare war.

Front 60

Veto

Back 60

But can be override with a 2/3 vote in ea. house

Front 61

App. offficials

Back 61

federal court judges, ambassadors, cabinet members, other key policy makers, and many others. Many subject to Senate confirmation.

Front 62

Treaties

Back 62

With "Advice and Consent" of 2/3+ of those senators voting at the time. Pres right- "receive Ambassadors"

Front 63

Formal Powers

Back 63

Veto power- Overused., State of the Union- Now on TV, more active in nation's policy agenda., commander in chief- w/out appealing to congress.

Front 64

Inherent Powers -Executive Orders, Delegation of powers

Back 64

Presidential directives that carry the force of the law.
Process by which Congress gives the executive branch the additional authority needed to address new problems.

Front 65

Exe staff- top, White House Office

Back 65

-Chief of staff, -National security adviser, -Council of Economic Advisers, -Senior domestic policy advisers

Front 66

Exe staff- lower, Executive Office of the President

Back 66

Larger staffs w/specialties, -Legislative Liaison Staff, lobbies the Congress for the administration.

Front 67

3 Major advisory styles

Back 67

-Competitive management, overlap
-Hierarchical structure, clear lines
-Collegial staffing, loose structure

Front 68

Party Leader

Back 68

Presidents informal duty to lead his party. -More " fundraiser in chief"- Special interest in +same party membs in congress,

Front 69

Cabinet

Back 69

Heads of the departments of executive branch + some others. Cabinet size+. actual-"vapid nonevents" due to lg size, members limited areas of expertise, pres chooses members b/c-reputations, -racial, ethnic, gender, religious balance.- Actually use White House staffs b/c responsible only to pres, specialized. - and are very like minded.

Front 70

Presidential Power

Back 70

Power to persuade. + if popular.

Front 71

Divided Government

Back 71

One party controls the White House, while another controls at least one house of congress= more difficult for cong. and pres.
Gridlock- not likely.

Front 72

Mandate

Back 72

Endorsement by voters, to carry out the policy platform which he campaigned. - New pres- makes majoritarian interpretation of the electoral process.

Front 73

President as National Leader

Back 73

Political Values- Justice, Equality, Freedom.

Policy Agenda- His bill first in que.

Chief Lobbyist- Legislative Liaison Staff

Party Leader- Fundraiser for future.

Front 74

Departments- biggest units of the executive branch

Presidents Cabinet- 14

Back 74

State, Treasure, Defense, Interior, Agriculture, Justice, Commerce, Labor Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban development, Transportation, Energy, Education, Veterans Affairs, Homeland Security.

Front 75

Organization of Government
-Departments
-Independent Agencies
-Government Corporations

Back 75

Indep. Agenc.- W/in exe br.- many, aren't part of any cabinet department. stand alone and controlled by varying degrees by pres- CIA, FCC- regulatory commission, controls/directs some aspect of economy

Front 76

Government Corporations- created by congress, few in #, performs services that might be provided by the private sector, but that either involve insufficient financial incentive, or are better provided wen liked to gov't.

Back 76

Civil Service-
today office of personnel management- objective- reduce patronage= pres filling poly positions with friends.

Get job if have merit, can't fire for political reasones.

Front 77

Rule Making-
Administrative process resulting in the issuance of regulations

Back 77

Regulations-
Rules that guide the operation of gov't programs

Front 78

Norms-
Informal, unwritten rules of behavior.

Back 78

Appeal=Formal challenge.
Appellate Court, on specific grounds, due process, law, fact

Front 79

Rule of Four

Back 79

Unwritten rule- req.s 4+justices to agree that a case warrants consideration before its reviewed by the U.S. Sup Ct.

Front 80

Solicitor General-
Represents the National Gov't before the Sup Ct. Appointed by Pres. 3rd ranking official in U.S. Department of Justice.
1st-attorney general
2nd-deputy attorney general.

Back 80

Original Jurisdiction-
Authority to hear a case before any other. "all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be party"

Front 81

St Courts of Last Resort
St Intermediate Appellate
St Trial

Back 81

US Sup Court
US Courts of Appeals
US District Courts