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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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CCP |
- chinese communist party |
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2 key elements of maoist’s impacts |
- mao’s own revolutionary ideas - formal administrative system |
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mao’s revolutionary ideas: why did ideology play a prominent role in mao’s revolutionary ideas? |
- limits of formal gov admin - key tools for ensuring compliance among lower level officials - key source of power is monopoly in determining correct ideology for china |
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key ideology 1 |
- voluntarism |
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4 steps of voluntarism |
- mass line - campaigns - struggle - egalitarianism |
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key ideology 2 |
- anti-intellectualism |
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anti-intellectualism |
- intellectuals embodied the traditional ways of china - science = selective empiricism (try out ideas in 1 or few places; summing up the results of these efforts) |
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key ideology 3 |
- class and class struggle |
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class/class struggle |
- marxist definition of “class” was based on relations to free means of production - land reform & political campaigns defined classes of individuals and relatives - later believed political attitudes determine class status |
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governing system |
- design of governing system borrowed heavily from soviet union with some chinese characteristics |
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3 main bureaucracies |
- party - government - military (people’s liberation army: PLA) |
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major goals of governing system |
- centralization to determine the policy agenda - decentralization policy implementation |
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in practice the system can be considered as … |
- “fragmented authoritarianism” |
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preferred methods of policy implementation |
- mass mobilization instead of formal institutions in order to achieve policy compliance |
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preferred methods of mobilization |
- create cleavages & tensions within society and btw individuals - intellectuals and experts are allies of the party only when their ideas conform w/ party/state objectives |
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major events during maoist era |
- bandwagon effect - competition to become most loyal “yes man” - impactful policies |
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3 areas of policy with most impact |
- foreign relations w/ US & soviet union - policies to promote revolution in china - agricultural policy |
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the “cold war” impact |
- alliance w/ the USSR and alienation w/ the US |
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challenges facing the CCP |
- the economy - security |
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three anti campaigns |
- targeted regime insiders |
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five anti campaigns |
- targeted business community |
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“hundred flowers” & “anti-rightist” campaign |
- intended to reduce “contradictions” among people - results: very few dared to speak out the truth; campaign undermines the intellectual communities (scientists, engineers, etc) |
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great leap forward |
- shared yan’an spirits - egalitarianism - experimentation - ideological fervor - mass mobilization - extended party at expense of gov: became responsible for economic development by using its mobilization infrastructure - man vs nature mentality |
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people’s commune |
- large & centralized org in countryside to facilitate meshing gov admin w/ econ production - also meant for delivering of public goods & services |
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problems with people’s commune |
- failed to link rewards closely w/ effort - fit poorly w/ natural bases of identify among peasants |
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consequently of GLF |
- great famine - soviet withdrew economic aids in 1960 - people’s commune significantly undermined rural productivity |
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why did GLF fail? |
- flaws in basic policies - generated incentives for falsifying info from grassroots level |
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cultural revolution |
- to discipline the bureaucracies - to expose china’s youth to a revolutionary experience - to make substantive changes in various policy areas |
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chinese characteristics of political system |
- parallel party and gov organizations at each level - party committees are embedded in gov agencies, state-owned enterprises, and public institutions - each territorial level has similar basic organization flow- complex web of horizontal and vertical organizational structure |
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hierarchy of political power |
- central gov - province - prefecture - county unit |
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the ruling party CCP |
- the party congress - central committee - the politburo - the politburo standing committee |
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the party congress |
- large size, infrequent meetings - vehicle for announcing policies rather than for deciding them - part time job |
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central committee |
- around 200 members, met once or twice a year - all members have real and substantive positions - elected by party congress delegates but “election” heavily influenced by politburo standing committee in constitution w/ others |
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the politburo |
- considered the command HQ party, 25 current members - top power elites |
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the politburo standing committee |
- highest leadership circle - 4-9 members, meet sometimes weekly if not monthly - headed by general secretary |
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2 most crucial CCP depts |
- central commission for discipline inspection - organization dept |
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central commission for discipline inspection |
- the “CCP internal court” |
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organization department |
- the “human resource department” of the CCP |
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2 depts that gained prominence under Xi |
- propaganda dept - united front work dept |
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National People’s Congress (NPC) |
- legislative branch - deputies chosen by provincial people’s congress - key executive branch leaders chosen by NPC |
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chinese people’s political consultative congress (CPPCC) |
- political advisory body - was only legislative branch before NPC - no real power in lawmaking and political appts (unlike NPC) - NPC under tighter control by CCP unlike CPPCC |
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provincial unit |
- immediate level of administration jurisdiction below central gov - 31 provincial level bodies |
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chinese provinces ≠ US states |
- china does NOT have federalist system - lobby for major construction projects, fiscal revenues, public goods provision |
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prefecture unit |
- immediate level of administration jurisdiction below province similar to a municipality (cities, prefecture, autonomous prefectures, leagues) |
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county unit |
- level of administration jurisdiction immediately under prefecture - urban district (sub-district, neighborhood community) and rural counties (township: villages) under counties |
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not all cities created equal |
- city in names but not w/ same status (politically & economically) - based on administrative rank - strategic importance |
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vertical organizations |
- tiao - diff administrative levels of authority with same bureaucratic system serving the same function - ex: energy dept at prefectural and provincial level (even the national level if it is a nuclear power plant) |
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horizontal organizations |
- kuai - horizontal bureaucracies and party organizations at same level of administrative jurisdiction - ex: county gov (depts for land, water, environment, etc), county party committee |
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tiao and kuai implications |
- authority in most instances is fragmented - local politicians have many “bosses” and engage in multitasking - policies are often the bargaining outcomes among different tiao/kuai |
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number 1 & 2 of party state relations |
- party secretary at any given level of jurisdiction is considered as #1 - executive of the gov (provincial governors, city mayors, county heads etc.) is considered as #2 |
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CCP’s strategies to make it work |
- ideology, decentralization, and negotiations - “democratic centralism” - social unrests as a signaling device |
