Plant Structure, Growth, And Reproduction

Front 1

cotyledons

Back 1

embryonic leaves or seed leaves

- first leaves on the plant embryo

Hint 1

monocot or dicot

Front 2

1) seed leaves/ cotyledon

2) leaf veins

3) root system

4) flower

5)stems

**6) fruits

Back 2

differences in monocot and dicot plant

6 organs of a plant

Front 3

one

Back 3

monocots have ____ cotyledon

Front 4

two

Back 4

eudicots have _____ cotyledon

Front 5

parallel leaf veins

Back 5

monocots have ______ veins

Front 6

branching leaf veins

Back 6

eudicots have ______ veins

Front 7

scattered

Back 7

monocots' stem are arranged in a ______ pattern

Front 8

bundle (ring)

Back 8

eudicots' stem are arranged in a ______ pattern

Front 9

three

Back 9

monocots' flower petals and other parts are in multiples of ____

Front 10

four or five

Back 10

dicots' flower petals and other parts are in multiples of ____

Front 11

fibrous

Back 11

monocot roots form a ____ root system

Hint 11

a mat of threads that spread out below the soil surface

Front 12

taproot

Back 12

eudicots roots form a ____ root system

Hint 12

root that goes deep in the soil (vertical)

well adapted to soils with deep ground water

Front 13

monocots

Back 13

not woody

Front 14

eudicots

Back 14

woody plants= tree

have long leaves

mos flowering shrubs and trees

Front 15

1) soil (water and minerals)

2) above ground (CO2 and light)

Back 15

most plants draw nutrients from 2 different environments

Front 16

Root system

Back 16

anchors the plant to the soil, absorbs andtransports minerals and water, and stores food

Front 17

Root Hairs

Back 17

-vast number of tiny tubular projections

-Enormouslyincrease the root surface area for absorption of water and minerals

-anextension of an epidermal cell (a cell in the outer layer of the root)

-plantsabsorb water and minerals via transpiration

Front 18

Transplantation-

Back 18

moving an established plant, damages the plants’ root hair

Front 19

Shoot System

Back 19

made up of stems, leaves, and adaptations forreproduction

Hint 19

provides support

Front 20

stems

Back 20

parts of the plant that are generally above theground and that support and separate the leaves (promotes photosynthesis) andflowers (responsible for reproduction)

Hint 20

has nodes, internodes, and lenticels

Front 21

nodes

Back 21

points atwhich leaves are attached

Front 22

Internodes –

Back 22

portion of the stem between the nodes §

Front 23

Lenticels –

Back 23

point of entry of CO2 in stems

Hint 23

analogous to stomata (in leaves)

Front 24

Leaves

Back 24

main photosynthetic organs of a plant

Consistsof a flattened blade, and a stalk, or petiole

Front 25

petiole

Back 25

joins the leaf to a node of the stem

Front 26

terminal bud and axillary bud

Back 26

two types of buds

Hint 26

undeveloped shoots

Front 27

terminal bud or apical bud

Back 27

plant stem is growing in length

located at the apex(tip) has developing leaves ü and a compactseries of nodes and internodes

Front 28

axillary buds

Back 28

one ineach of the angles formed by a leaf and a stem, are usual dormant

Branchingis important for increasing the shoot system to the environment

Front 29

modified roots : food storage

Back 29

§ Carrots,turnips,sugar beets, sweet potato have unusually large taproots that store food in theform of carbohydrates

Front 30

1) stolon (runner)

2) rhizomes

3) tubers

4) cactus

Back 30

4 examples of modified stems

Front 31

stolon

Back 31

§ enables aplant to reproduce asexually, as plantlets form at nodes along their length

§ Horizontalstem

Hint 31

§ Strawberry plant (can produce rapidly when left unattended

Front 32

rhizomes

Back 32

§ Large,brownish, root like structures, horizontal stems that grow near the soil surface§ Storefood, and having buds can also form new plants

Front 33

tubers

Back 33

§ Rhizomesthat end in enlarged structures specialized for storage

Front 34

cactus

Back 34

main part is stem

-adapted for photosynthesis and water storage

Front 35

tendrils and cactus spine

Back 35

2 examples of modified leaves

Front 36

tendrils

Back 36

used for climbing

-Tips arecoiled around a support structure

-Helpplants climb

Hint 36

§ Grapevines

Front 37

cactus spine

Back 37

protect the plant from being eaten by animals

Front 38

dermal, vascular and ground tissues

Back 38

Threetissue systems make up the plant body –

Front 39

apical dominance

Back 39

terminal bud produces hormones that inhibit growth of axillary bud

Hint 39

an evolutionary adaptation that increases the plant's exposure to light

Front 40

dermal tissue system

Back 40

plant's outer protective covering-- first line of defense against physical damage andinfectious organisms

Hint 40

consists of epidermis and cuticle

Front 41

epidermis

Back 41

a single layer of tightly packed cells

Front 42

cuticle

Back 42

a waxy coating in leaves' epidermis to help prevent water loss

Front 43

vascular tissue system

Back 43

o Made up of xylem (poiints inward) and phloem (points outward) tissues and providessupport and long-distance transport between the root and shoot systems

Hint 43

Cortexfills the space between the vascular ring and epidermis Pith fillsthe center of stem; important in food storage

Front 44

vascular bundles

Back 44

scattered in monocots; arranged in a ring in eudicots

Front 45

Xylemtissue

Back 45

contains water-conducting cells that convey water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots

Front 46

Phloemtissue

Back 46

Contains cells that transport sugars and other organic nutrients from leaves or storage tissues to other parts of the plant

Front 47

vascular cylinder

Back 47

the cross sections of xylem cells radiating fromthe center like spokes of a wheel and phloem cells filling in the wedgesbetween the spokes

Front 48

ground tissue system

Back 48

Accounts for most of the bulk of a young plant,filling the spaces between the epidermis and vascular tissue system

Consists entirely of cortex

Front 49

pith

Back 49

ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue

Fills thecenter of stem; important in food storage

Front 50

cortex

Back 50

o – ground tissue external to the vascular tissue

§ Fills thespace between the vascular ring and epidermis

§ cells store food as starch and take up minerals that have entered the rootthrough the epidermis

Front 51

endodermis

Back 51

§ –innermost layer of cortex, a cylinder one cell thick

Aselective barrier, determining which substances pass between the rest of thecortex and the vascular tissue

Front 52

stomata

Back 52

allowsexchange of CO2 and O2 between the surrounding air and the photosynthetic cellsinside the leaf; where water vapor lost by the plant pass through

Front 53

guard cell

Back 53

regulates the opening and closing of stomata

Front 54

mesophyll

Back 54

sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis

Front 55

mesophyll

Back 55

ü Consistsmainly of cells specialized for photosynthesis (green structure = chloroplast)

ü Lower areaof mesophyll is loosely arranged for air spaces through which CO2 and O2circulate

Front 56

vascular tissue system

Back 56

§ Made up ofa network of veins

§ Functionas a skeleton that reinforces the shape of the leaf

Front 57

vein

Back 57

§ a vascularbundle composed of xylem and phloem tissues surrounded by a protective sheathof cells

Front 58

xylem and phloem

Back 58

§ a vascularbundle composed of xylem and phloem tissues surrounded by a protective sheathof cells

Front 59

primary cell wall

Back 59

outermost layer; laid down first

Front 60

secondary cell wall

Back 60

§ Toughlayer inside primary cell wall, forms between the plasma membrane and primarycell wall

Front 61

lamella

Back 61

stickylayer that lies between adjacent plant cells leaf;

Front 62

plasmodesmata

Back 62

open channels in adjacent cell walls throughwhich cytoplasm and various molecules can flow from cell to cell

Front 63

1) Parenchyma Cells

2) Sclerrenchyma Cells

3) Collenchyma Cells

4) Water-Conducting Cells

5) Food-Conducting Cells

Back 63

five major types of plant cells

Front 64

Parenchyma Cells

Back 64

§ Mostabundant type of cells in most plants

§ Have onlythin and flexible primary cell walls; lacks secondary cell wall

§ Performmost metabolic functions of plant-photosynthesis, aerobic respiration, food storage

Front 65

Parenchyma Cells

Back 65

§ Can divideand differentiate into other types of plant cells under certain conditions(repair of an injury

§ Possibleto regenerate an entire plant from a single parenchyma cell

Front 66

o Collenchyma cells

Back 66

§ Lacks secondary cell walls; have unevenly thickened primary cell walls

§ Provide flexible support in actively growing parts of a plant (young stems and petioles)

§ Elongate as stems and leaves grow

Front 67

Sclerrenchyma Cells

Back 67

§ Thicksecondary cell walls strengthened by lignin-main chemical component of wood § Maturesclerenchyma cells cannot elongate (found only in regions of the plant thathave stopped growing)§ Dead atmaturity à cells walls forming a “rigid” skeleton

Front 68

lignin

Back 68

main chemical component of wood

Front 69

sclereids and fiber

Back 69

two types of sclerrenchyma cells

Front 70

fibers

Back 70

long, thin and arranged in bundles; commerciallyimportant

o Hemp fibers used for making rope and clothing

Front 71

sclereids

Back 71

·shorterthan fiber cells; thick irregular, and very hard secondary wallso Impart the hardness to nutshells and pair tissue

Front 72

Water-conducting cells

Back 72

§ haverigid, lignin-containing secondary cell walls

§ chains oftracheids and vessel elements form tubes that make up the vascular tissue,xylem

§ tracheidsand vessel elememts are dead when mature; only cell walls remain

Front 73

tracheids

Back 73

§ – long,thin cells with tapered ends

Front 74

vessel elements

Back 74

wider,shorter, less tapered

Front 75

food-conducting cells

Back 75

§ Knowns as sieve-tube elements (sieve-tubemembers)

§ Arrangedend to end, forming tubes as part of phloem tissue

§ Remainalive at maturity

§ Lose mostorganelles (nucleus and ribosomes); reduction in cell contents enablesnutrients to pass more easily through the cell

Front 76

sieve plates

Back 76

endwalls between sieve-tube elements; have pores that allow fluid to flow fromcell to cell along the sieve tube

Front 77

companion cell

Back 77

§ connectedto the sieve-tube element by numerous plasmodesmata; control operations ofsieve tube members (producing and transporting proteins)

Front 78

determinate

Back 78

o Growth stops after a certain size is reached

animal growth

Front 79

indeterminate

Back 79

plant growth

o Growth occurs throughout a plant’s lifeo Plants are categorized based on how long they live

Hint 79

annuals, biennials, perennials

Front 80

annuals

Back 80

§ completetheir life cycle in one year or less (food crops and wild flowers)

Front 81

biennials

Back 81

completetheir life cycle in two years, flowering and seed production in second year(beets, parsley, turnips, carrots)

Front 82

perennials

Back 82

live and reproduce for many years (trees,shrubs, grasses)

Front 83

meristems

Back 83

Growthin plants is made possible by tissues called ____

Front 84

meristems

Back 84

· consists of undifferentiated (unspecialized) cellsthat divide when conditions permit, generating additional cells

Front 85

apical meristems

Back 85

o meristems at tip of roots and bud of shoots;

Front 86

primary growth

Back 86

· Enables roots to push through the soil and allowsshoots to grow upward, increasing exposure to light and CO2·

Tissues produced in primary growth are called primary tissues

grow in length

Front 87

root cap

Back 87

coversthe root tip; protects the actively dividing cells of the apical meristem

Front 88

intercalary meristem

Back 88

present in bamboo trees

Front 89

zone of cell division

zone of cell elongation

zone of differentiation

Back 89

§ Rootgrowth occurs behind the root cap in 3 zones

Front 90

zone of cell division

Back 90

includesthe apical meristem and cells that derive from it;

root cells elongate

Front 91

zone of cell elongation

Back 91

rootcells lengthen by as much as 10 times;

o pushes the root tip farther into the soil; occurs below the meristem;pushes the apical meristem upward; some cells remain behind = new auxillary budmeristems at the base of the leaves

Front 92

zone of differentiation

Back 92

· cells differentiate into dermal, vascular, andground tissues; specialization of their structure and function

Hint 92

o Cells of vascular cylinder differentiate into primary xylem and primary phloem because certain genes are turned on and areexpressed to specific proteins and others are turned off

Front 93

secondary growth

Back 93

ocurs in woody plants

o Adds layers of vascular tissue on either side ofthe vascular cambium

o Tissues produced by secondary growth are called secondary tissuescertai^_|

Front 94

lateral meristems

Back 94

Increasein thickness of stems and roots; caused by the activity of dividing cells intissues

Front 95

vascular cambium and cork cambium

Back 95

two divisions of lateral meristem

Front 96

vascular cambium

Back 96

§ a cylinderof meristem cells once cell thick between the primary xylem and primary phloem;thickens roots and stems

Front 97

secondary phloem

Back 97

o produces wood toward the exterior of the cell§ Youngestsecondary phloem functions in sugar transport

Front 98

secondary xylem

Back 98

o produces wood toward the interior of the cell

§ Makes upthe wood of a tree, shrub, or vine

§ Have thickwalls rich in lignin (giving wood hardness + strength)

§ Tissuesaccumulate over the years§ Annualgrowth rings result from the layering of secondary xylem--

Front 99

Dendrochronology

Back 99

(“dendaros”grrek for tree) is the science of analyzing tree ring growth patterns

Front 100

cork

Back 100

epidermisis sloughed off and replaced with a new outer layer called _____________

Front 101

cork

Back 101

o Mature cork cells are dead and have thick, waxywalls that protect the underlying tissues of the stem from water loss, physicaldamage, and pathogenso

Produced by meristem tissue called cork cambiumportL;_%

Front 102

cork cambium

Back 102

§ – firstforms from parenchyma cells in the cortex

Front 103

bark

Back 103

o Main components are secondary phloem, cork, corkcambium/o:p>

Front 104

wood rays

Back 104

consists of parenchyma cells that transport waterand nutrients, store organic and aid in wound repair

Front 105

sapwood

Back 105

· younger secondary xylem that conduct xylem fluid(sap)

Front 106

heartwood

Back 106

· consists of older layers of secondary xylem o stores resins and wastes

Front 107

· Flowers –

Back 107

reproductive shoots of angiosperms (vary in shape)

Front 108

sepals, petals, carpel, stamen

Back 108

flowers Contain 4 types of modified leaves called floralorgans

Front 109

sepals

Back 109

§ encloseand protect the flower bud usually green and leaf-like

Front 110

petals

Back 110

§ oftencolorful and advertise the flower to pollinators

Front 111

stamen

Back 111

§ malereproductive organ; contains sperm· Consists of a stalk (filament) tipped by an anther·

Front 112

Anther

Back 112

· inside it are sacs in which pollen is produced viameiosis. Pollen grains house the cell that develops in to a sperm

Front 113

Carpel

Back 113

§ female reproductiveorgan; contains egg cell·

Has a long slender neck (style) with a stickstigma at its tip

Front 114

stigma

Back 114

· landing platform of the pollen

Front 115

ovary

Back 115

–located at the base of carpel which contains one or more ovules

Front 116

ovules

Back 116

· – contains a developing egg and supporting cells

Front 117

pistil

Back 117

refersto a single carpel or a group of fused carpels