Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
182 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
fossils of this flower were found in China.
female flowers look like carpels. Grew in fluctuating wet/dry wetland. |
Archaeofructus
|
|
|
Weed
|
any plant that can colonize disturbed habitats
|
|
|
Pollen having 3 pores
|
TRICOLPATE
*dicots |
|
|
Pollen having 1 pore
|
MONOCOLPATE
*Monocots |
|
|
largest monocot on earth
|
Chilean palm
|
|
|
perianth in multiples of 3:
monocot or eudicot? |
monocot
|
|
|
parallel leaf venation:
monocot or eudicot? |
monocot
|
|
|
perianth in 4's and 5's:
monocot or eudicot? |
eudicot
|
|
|
netted/branching leaf venation:
monocot or eudicot? |
Eudicot
|
|
|
Cross section of stem has scattered vascular bundles:
monocot or eudicot? |
monocot
|
|
|
Cross section of stem has ring of vascular bundles:
monocot or eudicot? |
Eudicot
|
|
|
Monocot and dicot: how many cotyledons (embryonic leaves)?
|
monocot- 1
dicot- 2 |
|
|
name for embryonic leaf
|
Cotyledon
|
|
|
Habit of adventitious roots in monocots and dicots?
|
monocots- taproot dies, adventitious roots common (like corn)
dicots: taproot doesn't die. has true and adventitious roots |
|
|
angiosperms that have a mixture of monocot and dicot features?
|
Paleoherbs!
|
|
|
secondarily simple/primitive
|
have lost primitive characteristics, but still LOOK simple
|
|
|
only one genus in this family
paleoherb primitive eg. Coontail |
Ceratophyllaceae
|
|
|
floral formulas:
male or female symbol |
male or female unisexual flowers
|
|
|
" * " in a floral formula
|
STAMINODE
a sterile stamen |
|
|
Floral formulas:
CaCoA underlined with half circle |
HYPANTHIUM (floral cup)
when all whorls are present. *the floral whorls are perigynous to the gynoecium, which is still considered superior to them. |
|
|
HYPANTHIUM: superior or inferior ovary?
|
superior ovary
|
|
|
when 2 parts of a floral formula are underlined with a half circle?
|
fusion of 2 different floral whorls
|
|
|
Family name?
a paleoherb Has atactocele (scattered vascular bundles) but netted venation in leaf. Interesting flower, usually with 3 petals. leaves are moved by ants. eg: Wild Ginger |
Aristolochiaceae
arist: exellent lochi- ambush |
|
|
atactocele
|
A type of monocotyledonous siphonostele in which the vascular bundles are dispersed irregularly throughout the cross section of the stem.
|
|
|
Nymphaceae
|
water lilies
Lots of stamens with primitive stamen look. Precede splitting of monocots/dicots. A paleoherb. |
|
|
Characteristics of water lilies?
|
lots of stamens, primitive stamen style.
They precede the splitting of the monocots & dicots in evolution. |
|
|
tepals
|
sepals and petals kinda mixed together.
|
|
|
grass family name
|
Poaceae
|
|
|
orchid family name
|
orchidaceae
|
|
|
mustard family name
|
Brassicaceae
|
|
|
legume family name
|
Fabaceae
|
|
|
parsley family name
|
apiaceae
|
|
|
How family name is formed
|
name of a genus + ending aceae.
|
|
|
3 main categories of features that members of a family share (that define a family)?
|
morphological, chemical & anatomical
|
|
|
buttercup or crowfoot ORDER name
|
Ranunculaceae
|
|
|
Ranunculaceae characteristics
|
apocarpous
lots of carpels lots of stamens elongate receptacle |
|
|
|
|
|
|
purpose of tricomb?
|
can protect from insect chewing and scatters light to prevent sunburn
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
big family
buttercup/crowfoot family one of the early diversion of DICOTS -lots of carpels & stamens *apocarpous flower |
Ranunculaceae
|
|
|
name of OLDEST EXTANT flowering plant?
|
Amborella tricopoda
*of New Caledonia (east of Australia) |
|
|
"entire" leaves
|
not lobed
|
|
|
function of trichome
|
can protect from insect chewing, also scatters light & prevents sunburn
|
|
|
delphinium, clematis, poppy, anemone and columbine belong to which family?
|
Ranunulaceae
|
|
|
Characteristics of moth pollinated flowers?
|
fragrant (moths have strong olfactory)
open at night drop of nectar at the back of SPUR (for tubular mouthpart) |
|
|
Color blue indicates what kind of pollinator?
|
Butterfly
|
|
|
Color red indicates what kind of pollinator?
|
bird / hummingbird
|
|
|
Why is beetle pollination "Clumsy"?
|
beetles eat gynoecium, so flower must produce MANY gynoecium.
|
|
|
tracheophyte
|
any plant that has a conducting system of xylem and phloem elements; a VASCULAR plant
|
|
|
orchids: monocot or dicot?
|
monocot
|
|
|
day lilies and oriental lilies: monocot or dicot?
|
monocots
(with monocolpate pollen) |
|
|
coontail family name
-this is a seaweed that looks somewhat like horsetail. |
ceratophyllaceae
cerat - phyll means: "horn leaf" |
|
|
wild mandrake/may apple, squawroot family name?
|
Berberidaceae
(also called barberry family...easier to match to scientific name!) |
|
|
poppy family name?
|
papaveraceae
|
|
|
the bleeding heart family name?
This family is sometimes lumped into the poppy family (poppy: papaveraceae) |
Fumariaceae
Fumar means "smoke" |
|
|
in taxonomy:
lumpers and splitters |
refers to, for example "lumping" Fumariaceae into Papaveraceae or "splitting" them into separate families.
|
|
|
moonseed family name?
|
Menispermaceae
(means literally moon seed and seed is shaped like moon...kinda) |
|
|
Sycamore family name
|
Platanaceae
|
|
|
Characteristics of Menispermaceae (moonseed)?
|
leaf looks similar to grape leaf, but petiole not attached to margin. Highly variable flowers (Ca 4-8 Co 6-8 A 12-24 G 2-4)
seed is sorta moon shaped. -berry fruits on pannicle(?) |
|
|
identifying characteristic of Berberidaceae (barberry family...may apple/wild mandrake, squaw root)?
|
flower below canopy of plant leaves
(of ranunculaceae) *also, was used as by Indians to abort pregnancy -Perennial herbs or shrubs -Leaves simple or pinnately compound -Fused carpels -Fruit berry |
|
|
name of lotus lily family?
|
Nelumbonaceae
(nelumbo means lotus) |
|
|
Nelombonaceae (lotus lily) family characteristics?
|
lots of tepal and stamens
lots of carpels embedded in a massive gynoecium. (superior ovary) -only 2 sepals, but "many" of everything else |
|
|
name of sycamore family?
|
platanaceae
means "plane tree" |
|
|
Characteristics of Platanaceae (sycamore)?
|
unique bark falls off
little hanging balls look like fruits, but are actually many fruits (fruitlets)...look like pom poms |
|
|
Family name for grapes, creepers, woodbines?
|
Vitaceae
|
|
|
Characteristics of Vitaceae (grape, woodbine, creepers)?
|
growth form: LIANA (woody vine)
-inflorescence is PANICLE -stems often terminate in ADHESIVE PADS or TENDRILS -some leaves green on both sides, some glaucous |
|
|
Term for whitish or bluish waxy coating, as in some vitaceae with leaves that are green on top but whitish on the underside
ie. waxy "bloom" |
Glaucous
|
|
|
stem modified for grabbing (not wrapping, in climbing plants)
|
Adhesive pads
|
|
|
stem modified for wrapping (not grabbing, in climbing plants)
|
stem tendril
|
|
|
dividing into 2 parts
(as in the inflorescence of a grape woodbine of the Vitaceae family) |
dichotomous
|
|
|
2 strategies for climbing plants
|
tendrils
or adhesive pads |
|
|
Name for the Pink family?
|
Caryophyllaceae
(means "nut leaf"...possibly referring to swollen nodes, such as in carnations) |
|
|
Characteristics of Caryophyllaceae (pink family)?
|
Floral:
-actinomorphic -perfect (rarely unisexual) -hypogynous -petals are "pinked" (serrate) Vegetative features: -annual or perennial herbs -leaves simple and opposite -paired bases at SWOLLEN NODES - |
|
|
actinomorphic
|
radially symmetrical flower
|
|
|
"perfect"
|
male and female flowers
|
|
|
hypogynous
|
superior ovary
-flower is "below the ovary" as oppose to epigynous where the flower is "upon the ovary" |
|
|
seeds pop out...
|
dehiscent
|
|
|
parts of Caryophyllaceae ("pink") petal?
|
-limb (like the blade)
-APPENDAGE...little flap on these petals |
|
|
a stalk in some plants that bears the gynoecium above the level of the other flower parts
|
gynophore
|
|
|
name for the pokeweed/pokeberry family?
|
Phytolaccaceae
*means plant shellac. |
|
|
Characteristics of phytolaccaceae?
|
(pokeweed family- with yummy looking berries)
-5 petals -racemes -compartmented ovary |
|
|
The four o'clock family name?
|
Nyctaginaceae
*means "night begin", or begins at...4 o'clock? |
|
|
name for a collection / rosette of floral bracts subtending a flower
(-not part of flower) |
invol/ involucre
|
|
|
Characteristics of Nyctaginaceae (4 o'clock family)?
|
-calyx like involucre
-corolla like calyx -moth pollinated (name means: begins at night) Chickory is in this family |
|
|
The pigweed family name
|
Amaranthus!!
*has unisexual or bisexual flowers |
|
|
The goosefoot family name
|
Chenopodiaceae
|
|
|
characteristics of Chenopodaceae (goosefoot family)?
|
-"bubbly" tricomb (white powdery appearance)
-edible greens -leaves look kinda of like a goose foot -eg. pigweed-wort (looks like a pigweed/amaranth), lamb's quarters |
|
|
The purselane family name?
|
Portulacaceae
"little door" Port- gate/door, ula- little... |
|
|
Portulacaceae characteristics? (common: purselane family)
|
2 sepals (actually bracts)
succulent, simple leaves *cactus family evolved from Portulacaceae. -fusion of corolla and androecium - little garden weed with red stems, and others have leaves basal with no clear petiole (look like monocots) |
|
|
term for variation in chromosomes within a species.
such as in the family Portulacaceae, where the chromosome numbers range from 12 -200. |
intraspecific chromosomal drift
|
|
|
cactus family name?
|
Cactaceae
|
|
|
Cactaceae family characteristics?
|
-almost always in well drained soil
-lots of stamens and tepals -local variety is "prickly pear" -glochids (spines) |
|
|
ancestor to cactaceae?
|
Woody tree in subtropics!
Pereskia |
|
|
word for cactus spine...
[which is actually a multicellular hair (trichome)] |
Glochid
|
|
|
The sundew family name?
|
Droseraceae
*means "dew covered" (the carnivorous ones!) |
|
|
Characteristics of Droseraceae (sundew family)?
|
-ALL carnivorous!
-traps are modified leaves -some (like Drosera) have glandular trichomes -live in OLIGOTROPHIC soils *drosos means dew drops* |
|
|
name for hybrid that can reproduce?
|
stable hybrid
*indicated by "X" in name between genus and species. |
|
|
spatulate
|
thin at petiole, thicker & rounded at tip
|
|
|
obovate
|
leaf shape, oval thicker at tip
|
|
|
grown fast to something; originally attached.
|
adnate
(latin is "born to/toward") |
|
|
the knotweed family name? (little pink flower weed)
|
Polygonaceae
|
|
|
Polygonaceae characteristics?
|
-ocrea (sheath) -We keyed a little pink flower of this family!
-6 stamens (uncommon in dicots) -tepals -some used as fertilizers, and stuffed into pillows -hardy seeds that can live for decades -winged seeds (rhubarb is example!) |
|
|
Ocrea
|
stipule which is modified into a sheath...wraps around petiole and stem
|
|
|
word for "wavy".
-like the wavy leaves of some Polygonaceae |
undulating
|
|
|
Witch hazel family name?
|
Hamamelidaceae
(think: hamamorrhoids) |
|
|
Hamamelidaceae (witch hazel) characteristics?
|
-explosive fruits
-late blooming flowers, even into December. -moth pollinated (by moths that have antifreeze!) -astringent from plant is used for hemorrhoids. -seeds look like apple seeds -sometimes CaCo present, sometimes not |
|
|
Geranium or Stork's bill family name?
|
Geraniaceae
|
|
|
Geraniaceae (geranium) characteristics?
|
-carpels with persistent elongate styles
-prominent petal venation -Herbs -Leaves usually palmate, simple to compound -Flowers usually actinomorphic and in parts of 5 (including fused carpels) -Ovary superior, elongating after pollination -Schizocarp of 5 segments |
|
|
schizocarp
|
fruit breaks up into one carpellate segments called MERICARPS
|
|
|
term for 1 carpellate unit from a schizocarp
|
mericarp
|
|
|
The Spurge family
|
Euphorbiaceae
latin: true carrier ...(bi)of life? |
|
|
Euphorbiaceae defining characteristic...
|
-cyathium
-often miniaturized flower |
|
|
St. John's wort family name
|
Clusiaceae
(hypericaceae) |
|
|
identifying feature of Clusiaceae (St. John's wort)
|
little prominent black gland on the margins of petals
-perforated leaves -lots of stamens |
|
|
name of violet family?
|
Violaceae
|
|
|
Characteristics of Violaceae family
|
-bearded tricomb on petal (like iris)
-dehiscent -zygomorphic (bilateral symmetry) -nectar gland on lower anther |
|
|
cleistogamous flowers
|
flowers that never open, they are self pollinated, as in violaceae.
*this produces inbred genetics which are well adapted to local environment, and outbred genetics which are more likely to do well elsewhere |
|
|
stoloniferous
|
producing / bearing stolons (runners-like strawberries)
(a prostrate stem, at or just below the surface of the ground, that produces new plants from buds at its tips or nodes.) |
|
|
name for rocky, or thin soils
|
goat prairie
|
|
|
the willow and poplar family name
|
Salicaceae
(salicilic acid) |
|
|
Salicaceae (willow) characteristics:
|
catkins
-dioecious catkins -syncarpous gynoecium -disk like calyx with bract *some willows are tiny alpine plants with catkins! -includes willows, poplar, aspens and cottonwoods |
|
|
term used for "fluffy"
|
plumose
|
|
|
name for wood sorrel family
|
Oxidaceae
|
|
|
Oxidaceae
|
-5 petals, corresponding to 5 syncarpous gynoecia
-tiered anthers...shorter set and longer set -oxalic acid! -Nyctinastic leaves (droop at night) (the "clovers" that my kids eat :/ ) -stoloniferous (roots at nodes) |
|
|
term for movement (such as the closing of petals) that occurs in response to the alternation of day and night
eg- "sleeping" leaves of oxalis |
Nyctinastic
|
|
|
limits of southern and northern species in wisconsin:
|
TENSION ZONE
|
|
|
factors that create the tension zone
|
CLIMATIC
- avg summer temperatures -snowfall -evaporation -days with avg temp >68 -95 days /yr with .01" of rain or more |
|
|
any biological species that defines a trait or characteristic of the environment
|
Indicator species
|
|
|
savannas
|
scattered trees <50% cover
Can be oak barrens, pine barrens, cedar glade |
|
|
Hardwood forests
|
forests south of tension zone
various hardwood dominance |
|
|
conifer forests
|
forests north of tension zone
various conifers dominant |
|
|
shrublands
|
mature trees absent
woody plants, if any are bushes and shrubs with or without sphagnum moss |
|
|
community dominated by herabcious plants
-over 1/2 are sedge like plants *sedge is grass-like, but not a grasses (not poaceae) |
sedge (cyperaceae) meadows
|
|
|
grasslands (poaceae)
|
over 1/2 of dominance contributed by grasses
*south of tension zone |
|
|
bog
|
rainwater
-acidic and nutrient poor -characterized by "soil" of dead peat moss from sedge or sphagnum |
|
|
fen
|
water from a spring
-fertile -characterized by grasses and sedges |
|
|
edaphic
|
refers to characteristics of the soil/substrate (abiotic)
-so edaphic communities are defined by rock or sand for example |
|
|
Rock dominated (plant communities)
|
open cliff or shaded cliff communties
-often less than 50% plant coverage |
|
|
plant communities:
Sand dominated |
beaches, dunes or sand barrens
-often less than 50% plant coverage |
|
|
Aquatic (standing water)
(plant communities) |
-Aquatic table above soil surface for most of growing season.
-Can be emergent or submergent aquatic communities |
|
|
The pea family name
|
Fabaceae
|
|
|
Fabaceae
|
fruit is always legume
-all have pod -some burs are coiled legume pod, some are single seeded. -BANNER petal is top legume petal, 2 WING petals and 2 fused KEEL petals -18K species described -protein (economically important) - nitrogen fixing bacteria make it ecologically important (rhizobium) |
|
|
-term for seed dispersal on the external surface of an animal
|
Epizoochory
|
|
|
acacia flower morphology (fabaceae/legume)
|
5 non- overlapping radially symmetrical flower
|
|
|
name of flower morphology with5 overlapping petals
in fabaceae/legume family |
cassia
|
|
|
list petals for common type (papillionoideae) flower morphology for Fabaceae/legume
|
5 petals:
1 banner 2 wing 2 keel (fused) |
|
|
nodes witrh nitrogen fixing bacteria are called _____ ______
|
Rhizobium nodules
|
|
|
Fabaceae stamens...unique attribute
|
9 fused stamens, with a 10 odd one out
|
|
|
the rose family name
|
Rosaceae
|
|
|
Rosaceae
subfamily Rosoideae |
-perigynous (kinda superior) ovary
-strawberry, blackberry |
|
|
Rosaceae
subfamily Amygdaloideae |
-trees and shrubs
-fruit is DRUPE -cherries, almonds, peaches -cherry tree is host to yellow swallowtail -cyanide is found in leaves and pits of many of these- almonds are safe though. :) -black cherries are in raceme, most are pannicle |
|
|
Rosaceae
subfamily spiraeoideae |
superior ovary bearing follicle fruits
or "fruitlets" |
|
|
Rosaceae
subfamily maloideae |
-hypanthium (inferior ovary)
-trees and shrubs -fruit called a POME (like apple...fruit is receptacle/hypanthium) |
|
|
the buckthorn family name?
|
Rhamnaceae
|
|
|
Rhamnaceae (buckthorn) characteristics?
|
-introduced from Europe to provide wildlife cover and fruit for birds.
-can exhibit high seedling densities -kills native species and simplifies ecosystem :( -purple berry fruit |
|
|
Pome
|
apple like fruit, formed from hypanthium/receptacle
|
|
|
drupe
|
cherry-like fruit, with pit
|
|
|
name for Elm family?
|
Ulmaceae
|
|
|
Ulmaceae characteristics
|
-warty bark
-miniature flower -"SAMARA" fruit (winged) -in our area, we usually have american or slippery elm. (but many have disappeared) |
|
|
dutch elm disease:
pathogen vector victim |
pathogen: fungus-Ophiostoma ulmi
vector: European Elm bark Beetle and the native elm bark beetle victim: dying American Elms |
|
|
samara
|
a type of fruit in which a flattened wing of fibrous, papery tissue develops from the ovary wall.
(like helicopter seed) |
|
|
the stinging nettle family?
|
Urticaceae
|
|
|
Characteristics of Urticaceae?
|
-stinging hair are true hypodermic needles filled with FORMIC ACID under pressure! Needle is weak so it breaks off readily :(
-monoecious plants, but dioecious flowers (like squash) -clonal species can be monoecious or dioecious -can be refined to cotton-like fiber |
|
|
strategy allowing both self and cross pollination- with an overlapping of male and female flowering periods.
|
Bet-hedging
|
|
|
Cucumber family?
|
Cucurbitaceae
|
|
|
Cucurbitaceae (cucumber) characteristics?
|
-herbaceous vine with spiny fruit
-unisexual flowers on monoecious plant...flowers either pistillate or staminate - squash, honeydew,zuccini, watermelon, cucumber etc! |
|
|
beech/oak family?
|
Fagaceae
|
|
|
Fagaceae (oak) characteristics?
|
-chestnut or acorn type fruit
(fag- means a loose end/thread...filamentous "cap" of chestnut?) chestnut blight killed a lot of chestnut trees which used to be dominant in this area. |
|
|
word for male flower?
|
staminate
|
|
|
word for female flower?
|
pistillate
|
|
|
Term for a population of hybrids that has survived beyond the initial hybrid generation, with interbreeding between hybrid individuals and backcrossing with its parent types.
|
Hybrid SWARMS
(eg, chestnut trees which dies from blight, introduced hybrid, but reverted) |
|
|
the birch family name?
|
Betulaceae
|
|
|
Betualaceae (birch) characteristics?
|
catkins
-musclewood (butressed bark looks like a body builder's thigh) -some female catkins look like hops I guess - |
|
|
Juglandaceae characteristics (walnut)?
|
Very strong wood
-in WI we have hickory and walnut trees. |
|
|
walnut family name?
|
Juglundaceae
(means Jupiter's Nut...walnuts look a little like Jupiter) |
|
|
stipule which is modified into a sheath which wraps around petiole and stem
|
ocrea
|
|
|
what kind of fruit is a helicopter seed?
|
samamra
|
|
|
another name for "the vascular plants" with xylem and phloem?
|
tracheophtes
|
|
|
achene
|
any small, dry, hard, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit.
(may be smooth or feathery) rose-hip holds several achenes,strawberry is an aggregate of achenes. |
|
|
name for nutrient poor soil?
|
oligotrophic
|
|
|
term which mean that carpels are at the same level as the other floral parts
|
perigynous
(means around the gynoecium) |
|
|
elongated nectar receptacle, as in delphinium....for butterfly, moth
|
spur
|
