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230 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Linnaeus's problem?
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names were ponderous and INCONVENIENT
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What is the system of naming invented by Linnaeus?
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Binomial Nomenclature
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Biological Species Concept
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-attributed to Ernst Mayr
-The biological species is a group of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups. |
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Natural Classification
"Ranks" for Plants: |
Division
Kingdom Division Class Order Family Genus Species Sub or super can be added for specificity |
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Type Specimen
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May be a single specimen to which the scientific name of that organism is formally attached..., a series of herbarium sheets with parts of 1 plant on different sheets, or a series of specimens from a single collection mounted on a single sheet.
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Type for Homo sapiens?
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Carl Linnaeus
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Most important specimen?
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Holotype
There is only 1 for a species. |
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Duplicates of holotypes are called? And what criteria do they have?
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Isotypes.
Colected my same person @ same time & place. These are distributed to different Botanical Institutions. |
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Why don't all species have holotypes & isotypes?
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rules designating these types are relatively new. They haven't collected them all yet. :)
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2 conclusions of the Origin of the Species?
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1. The mechanism for evolution is natural selection
2.All organisms are descended with modifications from common ancestors. |
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Significance of Natural Classification?
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-implies evolutionary relationship
-organized according to nested lineages derived from common ancestors |
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Requirements for naming a new species:
(there are 4) |
1. provide it with a name
2. Provide a Latin description or diagnosis 3.designate a type specimen 4.validly publish the information |
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Radiate
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disk and ray flowers
disk -monoecios ray- female |
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diskoid
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only disk flowers
all monoecious |
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ligulate
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only ray flowers
all dioecious (they are female when mixed with disk flowers) |
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Capitula
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a type of flower head where the bracts (which exceed sepals) are located under the basis, such as a daisy...kinda bulb shaped rackts which flower sit upon
Can be Radiate, diskoid or ligulate. |
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perianth
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calix + corolla
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scapos
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flowers on a scape...Leafless stem, like dandilion
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dehiscent
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the natural bursting open of capsules, fruits, anthers, etc., for the discharge of their contents.
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not opening to release seeds
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indehiscent ... not dehiscent
memory trick...indecent; the decent one scatter seeds |
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trichome
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hairs on the epidermis of plants (on stems, leaves)
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calyx
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(latin: Chalice, cup)
the outermost group of floral parts; the sepals. "cup" that the corolla sits in. |
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corolla
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the petals collectively.
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sepal
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one of the individual leaves or parts of the calyx of a flower.
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petal
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one of the often colored segments of the corolla of a flower.
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tepal
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sepals/ petals are indistinguishable, as in lilies
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calyx and corolla collectively
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perianth
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tree
tree-like |
arborescent (woody)
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shrub or shrub-like
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fruticose or frutescent
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climbing woody vine
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liana
(growth form) |
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subshrub
(growth form) |
suffrutescent (poorly developed wood)
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herb
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any plant with stems that die back to the ground each year.
(a growth form) |
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ephemeral herb
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extremely rapid life cycle
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annual herb
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completes life cycle in 1 year
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biennial herb
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vegetative in year 1, reproductive in year 2
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perennial herb
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lives more than 2 years.
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(ecological strategy)
referring to a plant that lives in a wet space |
hydrophyte
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mesophyte
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(ecological strategy)
referring to a plant that lives in habitats with average moisture |
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xerophyte
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(ecological strategy)
referring to a plant that lives in dry places |
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aquatic
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(ecological strategy)
A plant that is rooted under water. |
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amphibious
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(ecological strategy)
a plant that lives in or out of water (like frogs!) |
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riparian
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(ecological strategy)
a plant that lives along stream banks. |
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terrestrial
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(ecological strategy)
a plant that lives on "dry" land. upland- away from water. |
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phreatophyte
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(ecological strategy)
lives on "dry" land, but has the major part of its root system in soil that is permanently saturated in water. *name means "artificial well plant" makes sense :) |
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epiphyte/ epilith
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(ecological strategy)
a plant that grows attached to another plant or rock. |
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parasite/ hemiparasite
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(ecological strategy)
totally or partially dependent on another plant |
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mycotrophic saprophyte
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(ecological strategy)
mutualism with saprophytic fungus (mycotrophic means fungus eating) (saprophyte- eating dead org. matter) |
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squawroot
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example of a mycotrophic saprophyte, associated with oaks
not photosynthetic... from the snapdragon family. "Conopholis americana" of the family Orobanchaceae |
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spotted coralroot
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example of a mycotrophic saprophyte
orchid "Corallorhiza maculata" |
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acaulescent
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(caul means stem)
without a normal stem. Stem is so short that leaves appear clustered at base:often forming a basal ROSETTE of leaves. eg: dandelion (atypical morphology) |
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caulescent
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having a stem with visible nodes and internodes.
(typical morphology) |
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Caudex
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a short, often woody stem at or just beneath the surface of the ground.
(looks like a woody ball with a plant growing out of it) |
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rosette
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a cluster of leaves arranged in a radiate cluster or disk.
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petiole
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"stem" of leaf
IT is actually part of the leaf, not the stem. |
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below ground roots.
Eg. iris, ferns |
rhizome
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stolon
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a stem lying at or just below the surface of the ground, that produces new plants from buds at its nodes. aka: runner
eg: strawberry |
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bulb
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a usually subterranean and often globular bud having fleshy leaves emergent at the top and a stem reduced to a flat disk, rooting from the underside, as in the onion and lily.
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corm
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an enlarged, fleshy, bulblike base of a stem, as in the crocus.
These are harder than bulbs. |
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tuber
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swollen storage in roots with buds or eyes in their axils from which new plants may arise.
eg: potato |
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thorn
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seen with leaf, a modified stem
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spine
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seen with axillary bud, modified rachis (leaf midvein)
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tiny leaf-like appendages at the base of the petiole of a leaf.
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stipule
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lamina
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aka: blade
expanded portion of leaf |
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rachis
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mid-vein of leaf.
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alternate, opposite, whorled
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alternate- one leaf per node
opposite- 2 leaves per node whorled- more than 2 leaves per node |
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more that 2 leaves at each node
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whorled
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exstipulate
(leaf morphology) |
leaf without a stipule (tiny leaf) at base
(typical, so this term is not used often) |
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stipulate
(leaf morphology) |
leaf with stipule at base
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no petiole
(leaf morphology) |
sessile
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leaf wraps around the stem
(leaf morphology) |
clasping base
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petiolate
(leaf morphology) |
leaf with petiole, as opposed to sessile
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(leaf morphology)leaf base wraps around stem, as in grasses
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sheathing
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Red maple sci name?
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Acer rubrum
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grasses sci name?
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Poaceae
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simple leaf vs. compound leaf
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simple- single blade, can have flange of tissue connecting lobes
compound- more than one blade per petiole, leaflets |
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pinnately compound
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leaflets off of midvein (midwein forms rachis)
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bipinnately compound
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leaflets of leaflets off of midvien
(can also be tripinnately compound- leaflets of leaflets of leaflets off of midvein) |
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palmately compound
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no rachis, leaflets radiate from petiole
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rachis
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area between leaflets
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trifoliOLate
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three leaflets attached to petiole.
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trifoliate
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three leaves attached at a node.
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pinnately lobed
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lobes alongside of one predominant vein (as in oak)
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palmately lobed
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lobes radiating from petiole, several major veins
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three leaflets, with rachis
vs three leaflets without rachis |
pinnately trifoliate (rachis)
palmately trifoliote (w/o) |
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palmately trifoliate
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three leaflets
no rachis |
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5 main leaf venations:
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pinnate- veins parallel off midvien
reticulate- kind of "spider web" out from midvein palmate- several main veins 3 main veins parellel |
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taproot
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one primary root (direct growth of the seedling radicle); eventually there is side branching
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fibrous
(root morphology) |
seedling radicle (embryonic root) dies early- many adventitious roots grow from the lower stem
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roots that grow out of non-root tissue
eg: roots that grow out of stem or leaf tissue, like corn(root morphology) |
adventitious
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Haustorial
(root morphology) |
a special type of adventitious root that penetrates the tissues of other plants (parasitic roots, like dodder/witch's hair)
*haust means to draw. |
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terminal bud scale scar
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scar from new growth
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lenticel
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PORE
airy aggregation of cells within the structural surfaces of the stems, roots, and other parts of vascular plants. Some are small and round, some are elongate. Acts as a pore. |
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lateral bud
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aka: axillary bud, as opposed to terminal bud.
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leaf scar
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where leaf has fallen off, sometimes vary in shapes
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bundle scar
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vascular scars within leaf scars- shows where the vein to the leaf was.
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stipular spine
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modified stipules (the tiny leaves at the base of the petiole)
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terminal bud
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Site of new growth.
Counting the scales can be useful in twig ID. |
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flower ovule
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egg enclosed by integument, collectively.
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ovary
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contains ovule (egg & integument)
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style
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in flower, elonated region that connects the ovary to the stigma
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stigma
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female part of plant which receives pollen
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gynoecium
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the collective female parts: stigma, style, ovary and ovule
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receptacle
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the thickened part of a stem from which the flower organs grow. (inferior ovaries sometimes lie within receptacle, otherwise below it.)
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pedicel
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stalk of flower within an inflorescence...attaches single flowers to main stem of inflorescence.
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peduncle
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stalk of inflorescence or solitary flower
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androecium
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The collective male parts of a flower
aka stamen. anther and filament |
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filament (of a flower)
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elongated stalk of the stamen which holds anthers (male)
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anther
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pollen bearing, usually composed of 2 pollen sacs....*there is a CONNECTIVE area between the 2 anthers which is sterile.
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monocarpous
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one carpel per flower
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2 or more distinct carpels
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apocarpous
apo means seperate, away |
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syncarpous
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more than 1 carple but they are fused/connate
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hyprgynous
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having the gynoecium situated above the other floral parts (perianth)
SUPERIOR OVARY |
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perigynous
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having the gynoecium situated within the other floral parts
SUPERIOR OVARY |
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epigynous
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having the gynoecium situated below the other floral parts (perianth)
INFERIOR OVARY |
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hypanthium
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a cup-shaped or tubular body formed by the conjoined sepals, petals, and stamens in some morphologies.
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parts of a petal
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thin part- claw
thickened part- blade (just like in leaves!) |
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parts of a sympetalous corolla (lily)
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tube- leads to tepal
throat- part where tepals are fused limb- where petals seperate. |
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parts of a bilateral corolla
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tube- leads to tepal
throat- part where tepals are fused limb- upper lip (2 lobes) and lower lip (3 lobes) |
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term for radial flower?
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actinomorphic
(regular) |
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term for bilaterally symmetrical flower?
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zygomorphic
(irregular) |
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Inflorescences:
define solitary |
a single flower on a caulescent or acaulescent stem
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Inflorescences:
define spike |
unbranched inflorescence with sessile flowers (no pedicels)
eg. like our "Red Hot Pokers" |
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Inflorescences:
define raceme |
Unbranched inflorescence with flowers on pedicels.
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Inflorescences:
define panicle |
a branched or compound raceme in which main rachis has branches bearing flowers on pedicels
(kind of like a hydrangea) |
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what term do we use to describe and "ever budding and blooming" plant?
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indeterminate
eg. annuals |
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How can you tell if a plant is indeterminate?
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small buds at tips, blooming closer to the base.
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what term do we use to describe a plant with a finite number of buds produced (regardless of resources or growing season)?
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Determinate
eg. perennials |
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What term describes a flat topped inflorescence with youngest flowers at the end of main axis or rachis?
Determinate or indeterminate? |
Corymb
indererminate |
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What term describes a flat topped inflorescence with oldest flowers at the end of the main axis and buds on outside?
Determinate or indeterminate? |
Cyme.
Determinate eg. daylilies (except they're not flat.) |
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What term describes a flat topped inflorescence with all the pedicels arising from a common point.
Determinate or indeterminate? |
umbel
can be either way. |
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catkin
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aka ament
- a spike-like inflorescence of unisexual apetalous flowers,often pendent and falling as a unit. Uses wind pollination...make and female look slightly different. Typical in willow, cottonwood, BIRCH,oak, alder (looks like a cat's tail?) |
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A thick fleshy spike of unisexual , apetalous flowers, often surrounded by a colored vase shaped/funnel like leaf or spathe. Male flowers are clustered above female flowers on an erect penis-like spike.
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Spadix
eg. calla lily, or arum lily. |
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jack in the pulpit
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flower with spadix & spathe
scientific: Arisaema |
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what is common in the male plants of dioecious flowers?
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dwarfed
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first plants to develop?
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archegonium (female sex organs)
antheridium (male sex organs) |
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spore
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can be produced sexually or asexually, but it gives rise to a new individual (liverworts, ferns & mosses)
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the sexual form of a plant in the alternation of generations.
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gametophyte
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the form of a plant in the alternation of generations that produces asexual spores.
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sporophyte
They are monosporangiate (which I believe means dioecious...m or f). |
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Sorus
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cluster of sporangia on ferns.
Plural is sori. |
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spathe
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a modified leaf, often large and colored, subtending or enclosing a spadix or flower cluster.
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tracheophyte
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any plant that has a conducting system of xylem and phloem elements; a vascular plant
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bryophyte
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a phylum of nonvascular plants comprising the true mosses and liverworts.
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sporangium
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little capsule of spores with a mohawk
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lycopodium
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any erect or creeping, mosslike, evergreen plant of the genus Lycopodium, as the club moss or ground pine.
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basic fern life cycle
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Mature sporangium is released from sorus.
spores are released -sperm enters archegonium to fertilize female -embryo fertilizes inside, then is set free into ground to mature. |
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archegonium
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in fern repro...
surrounds female sex cells (like egg shell) until it is fertilized, at which time it closes around the developing embryo. It releases embryo into the ground/substrate. |
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timeline for non vascular plants
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1st liverworts, then hornworts, then mosses
*then vascular plants first ferns/branched sporophytes. |
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spore plants
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aka "Vascular crytogams"
not producing seeds or flowers. both generations physiologically independent. (Ferns and fern-like plants) |
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Seed plants
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angiospems and gymnosperms
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Gymnosperms
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no flowers.ovules never enclosed in an ovary. Usually with cones and needle or scale-like leaves.
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angiosperms
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typically produce true flowers
woody or herbacious ovules enclosed in ovary stigma present |
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vascular plant phylogeny
list 4 families of fern allies in evolutionary order: |
1. Lycopodiophytes (lycopodia, quillwort)
2.Psilotophytes (whisk fern) 3. Equisetophytes (horsetails) 4.Ferns (Leptosporangiate & Eusporangeate) |
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Lycopodiaphyta
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aka clubmosses
eg. quillwort, lycopodium, and selaginella |
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sporophyll
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leaf that bears sporangia (in lycopodia)
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homosporous
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having EITHER microspores OR megaspores
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hetrosporous
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having BOTH microspores and megaspores
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scientific name for quillwort??
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Isoetes
(name in greek means wolf foot, for the claw shaped roots) -sporangium is held by a little leaf called a sporophyll |
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example of Psilotophyta?
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The Whisk Fern
Scientific name: Psilotum nudum (which looks like grass with little sporangia along the leaf that look like buds) |
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lycopodium
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homosporous example from the family lycopodiophyta
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selaginella
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heterosporous example from the family lycopodiophyta
very small plant (both mega and microsporangia) |
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Equisetophyta
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horse tails
literally means "horse hair plant" whorled leaves at nodes. |
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dimorphic horsetail subgenus...
has sterile vegetative shoot and a short lived reproductive shoot. Small branches arise below the vestigial leaves. Roots spread underground (rhizome) so it doesn't stay put. |
Equisetum
(subgenus, not family) |
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What do heterosporous lycopodia have that homo lack? (besdies the other sex cells)
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ligule
small flap between sporophyll and sporangium. |
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In lycopodia and horsetails leaves are called ______.
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microphylls
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horsetail we studied which didn't have smaller branches (solitary stalk/reeds)
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hippochaete
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difference between eusporangeate and leptosporangeate?
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eusporangiate are apparent to the naked eye (almost look like little berries), but leptosporangeate can't be seen unaided.
Lepto have solitary unbranching stipe (petiole of fern). |
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stipe
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petiole of a fern frond (fern leaf).
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compound leaf of a fern.
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frond
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hides and protects leptosporangia
Not present in all species (like my ferns). "naked sori" |
Idusium
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2 examples given of eusporangiua?
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botrychium
and moonwort (botrychium lunaria) |
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sori/sorus
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clusters of spores
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group of ferns which exhibit larger intermediate sporangia
-sister group of leptosporangia. eg, interrupted fern,cinnamon fern and royal fern |
osmunda ferns
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Which ferns have a modified fertile frond among sterile fronds resembling a eusporangia?
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Sensitive Fern (leaves round)
Ostrich Fern (leaves thick, like blunt needle) |
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false indusium?
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end of leaf curves around the sorus, hiding it.
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ferns and horsetails Division
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Pteridophyta
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an aquatic type of leptosporangiate fern with clover shaped leaves with hydrpophobic tops.
-heterosporous "sporocarp" underwater |
Marsilea
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mosquito fern
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leptosporaniate fern which floats on water and spores sit on top of scale-like leaves
*name...myth is that it inhibits mosquito larva growth |
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Gymnosperms
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"naked seed"
ovules exposed rather than enclosed in carpel. |
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Cycads
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a gymnosperm with cones that resemble corn on the cob that grow from base on separate stalk from leaves.
eg. Zamia integrifolia -native to Florida and Florida Keys. |
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Ginko
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deciduous broad leafed conifer
male strobili on spur shoots (short shoot) fleshy female ovules at tip of peduncle *look like berries but not a fruit! |
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peduncle
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holds an inflorescence (with pedicels)
*pedicels connect to penduncle |
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3 families of Wisconsin conifers:
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Cupressaceae - the Cypress Family
Pinaceae- the Pine family Taxaceae- the Yew family |
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Cupressaceae
(2 in WI) |
1. Arbor Vitae (Thuja) (Red and White Cedars)
2. Juniper (Juniperus) |
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Pinaceae (5 in WI)
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1. Fir(Abies)
2. Spruce (Picea) 3. Hemlock (Tsuga) 4.Larch (Larix) 5. Pine (Pinus) |
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Taxaceae (only 1 in WI)
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1. Yew (Taxus)
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Eastern Red Cedar
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Juniperus virginana –
both juvenile (prickly) and mature foliage are often present is a tree, but has the like "juniper berries" memory...ERC berries? |
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Northern White Cedar
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Thuja occidentalis –
flat, scale-like needles with tiny cones. |
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Common Juniper
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Juniperus communis –
plants are only 1-2 meters tall but form “flat-topped circular patches”. cones are black or bluish, leaves are always sharp/ prickly, plants are creep horizontally and reach upward (decumbent) |
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Creeping Juniper
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Juniperus horizontalis –
inhabits rocky or sandy places – common along the shores of the Great lakes – only grows to about 0.3 meters tall. |
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Balsam Fir
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Abies balsamea
-cones are erect/ cone scales deciduous -leaf scars are smooth and circular -flat needles (the only fir we studied) |
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characteristics of all spruces...
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-cones are pendulous/ cone scales are persistent
-leaves attached to persistent sterigmata -leaves are quadrangular (four-sided) in cross section -each leaf has two resin ducts |
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sterigmata
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little stalk which holds a spruce needle/pine needle
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Norway Spruce
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Picea abies
large pendant cones |
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White Spruce
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Picea glauca
medium sized pendant cones |
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Black spruce
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Picea mariana
cute little cones hairs in stems |
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Colorado Blue Spruce
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Picea pungens
medium cones cone scales papery and “erose” (tattered/eroded) |
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Characteristics of the Hemlock (Tsuga) family:
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-cones are pendulous/ cone --scales are persistent
-leaves attached to persistent elevated sterigmata -small cones (12-20 mm) -leaves are FLAT in cross section -each leaf has ONE resin ducts |
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American Larch
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Larix laricina
aka Tamarack, Eastern Larch,, Hackmatack needles in bunches, deciduous -soft leaves, doesn't invest sclerenchyma (This is the only larch we studied) |
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sclerenchyma
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supporting or protective tissue composed of thickened, dry, and hardened cells.
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Canada yew
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Taxus canadensis
Likes moist shady places red berry-looking cone which implies that it is bird dispersed |
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the duckweed family
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Lemnaceae
(weird angio) floats o the surface of quiet water or stranded on shore. no distinction between stem and leaf few or no roots below flowers minute and rarely observed |
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Spurge genus
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Euphorbia
(weird angio) -plants with small inflorescences, -little flowers are ball shaped with three fused ovaries &stigma, and small petal-like appendages beneath. (poinsettia is one example) |
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cyathium
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an round inflorescence enclosing an apetalous, pistillate flower surrounded by several staminate flowers. looks like a big ovary hanging off a little flower.
(poinsettia) |
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sunflowers
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Asteracea
-style protrudes from connate stamens -inferior ovary disk and or ray flowers |
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orchid
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Orchidaceae
inferior ovary bilateral lower petal differentiates from others in size, shape , color |
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milkweed
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asclepiadaceae
5 petals alike superior ovary looks like it has 2 sets of petals- corona above, corolla hanging down |
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has male flowers in little bundles which hang down
-female flowers sit below & look like ...a twist tie kinda? |
ragweed
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gall
hint *stem |
fly eggs encyst in the stalk of a goldenrod. Larva develop inside.
"goldenrod gall fly" |
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Orachid that forms an association with fungi – the fungi are busy breaking down tree root tissue
… a mycotrophic saprophyte! |
spotted coralroot
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Apocynaceae
now includes milkweeds |
the Dogbane Family
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materials for collecting?
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Notebook, voice recorder, or computer notepad
Small trowel to aid in digging out roots Clippers or pocket knife Plastic bags (airtight variety best) or jars Newspaper or newsprint Plant press (max. dimensions 12 x 17 inches) |
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3 layers of plant press?
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corrugate
blotter newsprint |
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a few considerations when collecting...
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-collect common flowers
-take note of colors (may fade) -take note of plant community for community structure, microhabitats, species dominance, etc - the 20 count rule -you don't always need the roots |
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Drying tips
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-press right away.
-keep out of direct sunlight -Most important is moderate warmth and airflow. -most require 2/3 days of drying. |
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pressing tips
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-clean roots
-you can break or bend stems. Clean breaks are best so use a knife or clippers. -keep size in mind and "sample fit" |
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herbarium label components
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1. Type 'PLANTS OF' then insert the State (or country), in bold, where plant was collected, all-caps.
2. Generic name, capitalize, underline. 3. Specific epithet, underline. 4. Authority, obtained from flora. 5. County (or province), all-caps. 6. Location description using road miles (driving directions). 7. Location description from geographical landmarks (rivers, lakes, mountains, valleys, etc., avoid using buildings, street addresses, etc.). 8. Township, Range, Section. 9. Map name and scale used to get Township, Range, & Section. 10. Give latitude and longitude (in degrees, minutes, seconds) 11. Habitat description,(woods, bogs, beach, riparian, montane, etc.) 12. Statement of surrounding plant community. 13. Give the elevation of the location, again obtained from topographical maps or GPS unit . Be sure to indicate feet or meters 14. Collector name and number. Numbering system can be of your own creation. 15.date of collection (dd month yyyy) 16. list family |
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pinnate
(leaf venation) |
veins parallel off midvien
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reticulate
(leaf venation) |
kind of "spider web" out from midvein
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palmate (leaf venation)
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several main veins
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better word for a runner? (as in strawberry)
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stolon
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What word is used to describe a plant's mutualism with saprophytic fungus?
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mycotrophic saprophyte
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stamen
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collective male parts of flower
aka androecium |
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corn on the cob lookin' plant gymosperm?
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CYCADS
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what effect on peripheral vessels does the cerebral ischaemic reflex have?
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intense vasoconstriction
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Weird angio which floats on the surface of quiet water or stranded on shore.
no distinction between stem and leaf |
duckweed
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what holds up the anthers?
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filament
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bud at the end of a branch?
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terminal bud
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"big ovary hanging off a little 'flower'" is in spurges
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cyathium
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stigma, style & ovary collectively
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pistil or carpel
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tamarack is from the family
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larch
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