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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 subatomic particles and what charge does each have?
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Proton-positive charge
Electron-negative charge Neutron- neutral charge |
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What number value is assigned to charge of each proton and each electron?
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+1-Proton
-1-Electron |
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Which subatomic particle determines the element of each atom?
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Proton
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Do all subatomic (Protons, Electrons, Neutrons) have the same energy level?
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No
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What term is used for all the electrons that have a similar energy level?
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Shells
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What is the rule for which electrons have the least or more energy?
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Outermost shell has the most energy
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How many electrons ‘fit’ into each of the four least energetic energy levels?
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Two in the first, eight in the second, eighteen in the third, and thirty-two in the fourth.
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What element do all ‘organic’ compounds contain?
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Carbon
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Why do some atoms interact for form molecules?
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To gain stability
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What is an atom called if the number of protons and number of electrons are not equal?
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Ion
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What names are used for atoms that have more or fewer electrons than protons and what is the rule for the charge on each?
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More electrons are anions, fewer electrons are cations. } Depends on amounts of electrons lost.
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What type of bond is formed when ions or opposite charges are attracted to each other?
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Ionic Bonds
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What type of bonds form when atoms share electrons?
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Covalent Bonds
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If electrons are shared equally between two atoms what more specific term applies to this bond?
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Single Covalent Bond
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If the electrons spend more time around one atom than the other, what more specific term is used?
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Polar covalent bond
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If a molecule is asymmetrical and has polar covalent bonds, then will the electrons spend more time around the atom that holds them strongly or the atom that has less ability to attract them?
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The atom that holds them strongly
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Would the charge of the asymmetrical molecule with polar bonds be equally distributed since the negatively changed electrons spend more time around one part of the molecule than the other?
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No
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Which part of the molecule would tend to be slightly negative and which part would be slightly positive? (Note that these charges are much less than the change of an electron.)
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The part that is slightly more electromagnetic will have a slightly negative charge and vice versa.
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What type of bonding occurs due to the attraction of partial charges on parts of compounds? (Note that partial changes are represented by the lower-case Greek letter delta)
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Polar Covalent Bond
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What is a very common compound that displays hydrogen bonding?
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Water
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What term is given to the tendency of water molecules to stick to other water molecules due to hydrogen bonding?
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Cohesion
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Would you imagine that hydrogen bonds are stronger or weaker than covalent bonds?
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Weaker
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What ions are formed when water molecules break apart?
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H+ OH-
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What is the pH of pure water?
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7
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Do acidic or basic solutions have more hydrogen ions than pure water?
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Acidic solutions
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Do acidic or basic solutions have fewer hydrogen ions than pure water?
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Basic solutions
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For every unit of pH change, what happens to the concentration of hydrogen ions?
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It increases or decreases by the tenth power (10--5, 10--4, 10--3 From pure water to acidic solution.….10--8, 10--9,10--10 From pure water to basic solution) [-- means to the power of]
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Why are most cells small?
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To maintain a high surface to volume ratio
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Restate the three main conclusions of the ‘cell theory’ in your own words.
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1. All living creatures are composed of one or more cells. (We will talk about viruses later in the semester but they are not ‘living’ by most definitions.)
2. Nothing below the level of a cell can be considered ‘alive.’ 3. Cells can only come from other cells |
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The stem-word karyote means nucleus, what do the prefixes ‘pro-‘ and ‘eu-‘ mean? How do these names describe a prominent difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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The prefix ‘pro-‘ means before and ‘eu-‘ means true. Prokaryotes (bacteria) have a single, circular strand of DNA (chromosome) that is not surrounded by any membranes while eukaryotes (all of live except for bacteria) have multiple chromosomes surrounded by a double membrane.
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What structure surrounds each cell and what does this structure do?
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Plasma membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell and defines the boundary between what is ‘alive’ and what is non-living.
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Summarize in a general way what the cytoskeleton does. What are the three types of protein together known as the cytoskeleton? How do they compare in size?
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Maintains the shape of the cell, especially with animal cells; moves of organelles etc. around, e.g. vesicles, chromosomes during cell divisions, proteins in the plasma membrane producing cell wall material; keeps organelles etc. in place preventing random movement. Other details are possible.
Microtubles are largest, intermediate filaments are in between, and microfilaments are the smallest. |
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Trace the movement of a protein made by the rough ER that must be packaged in some way before being exported from the cell.
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Rough ER pinches off a vesicle containing the protein. The vesicle is moved by the cytoskeleton to the Golgi complex where the membrane of the vesicle fuses into the membrane of the Golgi releasing the protein into the Golgi complex for what ever is done to the protein. On the opposite of the Golgi complex a vesicle is pinched off containing the altered protein and this transport vesicle is moved by the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. Finally, the vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases the protein to the outside of the cell by exocytosis.
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What are the two major components of a membrane?
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Phospholipids and proteins
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Moving from one plant cell with secondary walls to another what is the order of structures that are passed through? A diagram would be helpful. Use the following terms: Middle lamella; Plasma membrane; Primary cell wall; Secondary cell wall.
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Plasma membrane, secondary cell wall, primary cell wall, middle lamella, primary cell wall, secondary cell wall, plasma membrane (pm-sw-pw-ml-pw-sw-pm)
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What are the ‘holes’ in the primary cell walls that allow for cytoplasmic connection between adjacent cells?
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Plasmodesmata
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What are the ‘holes’ in the secondary cell walls between adjacent cells?
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Pits
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Since paper towels are largely cellulose from cell walls, would you imagine that cell walls would absorb water? What is the movement of water (and dissolved materials) through cell walls of plants called?
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The transport through the cell walls in called apoplastic transport.
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What is movement of water and dissolved material between cytoplasms of adjacent cells without passing through the cell walls called and what structure allows this movement?
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Symplastic transports
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Considering the types of movement (apoplastic transport and symplastic transport) which one allows the plant to have more control over what dissolved material is being transported? Explain why this is true
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Symplastic transport provides more control since all material must go through a plasma membrane that is selectively permeable.
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The diffusion molecules across a membrane down a concentration gradient at a rate faster than regular diffusion. This occurs when a specific protein binds to the molecule then changes shape so the molecule is released on the other side of the membrane. This movement does not require energy and stops when equilibrium concentrations occur. (type of transport across the membrane)
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Facilitated diffusion
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The movement of large molecules into a cell when the plasma membrane changes shape to engulf material and then that section of the plasma membrane pinches off to form a vesicle. This movement does require the use of energy. (type of transport across the membrane)
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Endocytosis
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The movement of large molecules out of a cell when a membrane-bound vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane releasing the material to the outside of the cell. This movement does require energy. (type of transport across the membrane)
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Exocytosis
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The movement of molecules up a concentration gradient when energy is used to change the shape of a protein to move the molecules across the membrane. (type of transport across the membrane)
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Active Transport
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The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from the side of the membrane with lower solute concentration (hypotonic) to the side with higher solute concentration (hypertonic) that continues until the concentrations across the membrane are equal (isotonic). This movement does not require energy. (type of transport across the membrane)
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Osmosis
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The net movement due to random motion down a concentration gradient from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration without the use of energy. (type of transport across the membrane)
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Diffusion
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Since roots supply water to the above ground part of a plant, where water is being constantly lost, what you imagine that roots cells are hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic relative to the surrounding soil solution?
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Hypertonic
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How do the terms ‘monomer’ and ‘polymer’ relate to each other?
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Polymers are composed of similar subunits called monomers.
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What are the reactions called that link monomer together to form polymers?
-What molecule is removed in the process? |
Dehydrations synthesis (several other terms are available)
-Water |
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What do the two words (Dehydrations synthesis) when used alone in common usage?
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Dehydration: take water away
Synthesis: to put together. |
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What are the reactions called that break polymers into small pieces, possible all the way down to monomers?
-What molecule gets inserted to break polymers down into smaller pieces? |
Hydrolysis
-Water |
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Since the term ‘lysis’ means to break apart, Hyrolysis mean? (In other words, how can this term be broken into two words that explains what the word means?)
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Water breaks apart
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What suffix (ending) do carbohydrates generally have?
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-ose
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What elements are in carbohydrates?
-How does the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen compare to that of water? |
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
-Same |
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What would you imagine the ‘-hydrate,’ part of carbohydrate refers to?
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Putting water on carbon or hydrating carbon
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How many monomeric units are in monosaccharides? Disaccharides? Polysaccharides?
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One, Two and Many (at least more than 2)
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What is another term for monosaccharides?
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Simple sugars
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What is a non-technical name for a disaccharide that you might have consumed?
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“Table” sugar
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What do you think ‘saccharide’ might mean?
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Sugar
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What do the polysaccharides starch (amylose) and cellulose have in common and how do they differ?
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Both sugar polymers composed of glucose monomers.
They differ in starch has all the glucose monomers facing in the same direction while in cellulose the glucose monomers alternate in the direction they face |
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Enzymes are proteins that speed chemical reactions such as the hydrolysis (digestion) of starch to its monomeric unit, glucose. Do you have the enzyme needed to digest starch?
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Yes
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Do you or cows have the enzyme needed to digest the cellulose
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No
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Grass and other plant material is largely cellulose, since cows don’t have the enzyme needed to hydrolyse cellulose to the usable glucose monomers how do cows survive on a diet that they can’t digest?
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Bacteria and unicellular creatures living in the gut can digest cellulose.
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What is the monomeric unit of proteins and how many variants of the unit are generally used in living organisms?
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Amino acids, 20 different amino acids are used in proteins.
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What are the four side groups bound to the central carbon of each amino acid?
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H, carboxyl group, amino group and variable “R” group.
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How many side groups vary to allow for the 20 amino acids?
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One, the "R" Group
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Are some amino acids hydrophilic and hydrophobic?
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Yes
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Do some R groups have the potential to ionize? If they do could you predict if these R groups would be hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
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Some R-groups can ionize which makes them hydrophobic.
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Animal cells have protein as the largest single class of chemical composition when water is removed (dry weight) while plants have a much lower percentage of protein due to the presence of more carbohydrates. What specific carbohydrate makes up a high percentage of plant cells?
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Cellulose (the material makes up most of cell walls)
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Are all enzymes proteins and are all proteins enzymes?
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All enzymes are proteins but many other types of proteins exist.
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What is term used for polymers of amino acids and where does the name come from?
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Polypeptide named after the name of the bond that links amino acid monomers.
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Would you imagine that a ‘peptide bond’ is an example of covalent bonding, ionic bonding, or hydrogen bonding?
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Covalent Bond
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What does it mean if an amino acid is ‘essential?’
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Humans can’t make the amino acid so we have to take them in as a part of out food.
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Humans who are vegetarians, and even more so if vegan, have to eat specific combinations of foods to all the necessary amino acids. Why do people who eat meat not have to be so concerned about getting all the amino acids?
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Meat is composed primarily of protein and contains all the amino acids. Plants contain much less protein and some amino acids can be uncommon even in the protein that does occur in the plant. Some vegetarians eat eggs, milk, or cheese are animal derived and high in protein. Vegans eat no animal products so must know which combinations of foods will supply all the essential amino acids.
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What is the monomeric unit of nucleic acids?
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Nucleotides
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What are the parts of this monomeric unit? (Nucleotides)
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Phosphate, a simple sugar, and a nitrogen-containing (nitrogenous) base.
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What nitrogenous bases are possible in DNA and in RNA?
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A(adenine), C (cytosine), G(guanine), T(thymine), and U(uracil).
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What type of sugar is used in the nucleotides of RNA and in DNA? Do the abbreviations DNA and RNA help in remembering which sugar is in each?
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Ribose and deoxyribose sugars respectively. The first letter of the abbreviation comes from the name of the sugar.
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What type of bonding holds the two strands of the DNA double helix together?
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Hydrogen bonding
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Is RNA double stranded?
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RNA is single stranded but DNA is double stranded.
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What elements are lipids largely composed of?
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Carbon, hydrogen
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What is the monomeric unit of lipids or is there one?
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Lipids are not polymer composed on monomeric units.
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Are most lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
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Hydrophobic
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In the subclass of lipids called fats, what two elements are the composed of?
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Glycerol and Fatty acids
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What distinguishes saturated and unsaturated fats?
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Saturated fats have all single bonds in the fatty acid units while unsaturated fats have some double bonds in the fatty acid units.
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