Plant Anatomy Lab Practical

Front 1

What is the charge of toluidine blue?

Back 1

Positive (cationic).

Front 2

What color is toluidine blue when it binds to carboxylated polysaccharides?

Back 2

Pinkish-purple.

Front 3

What color is toluidine blue when it binds to the free phosphate of nucleic acids?

Back 3

Greenish-blue to purple.

Front 4

What color is toluidine blue when it binds to polyphenolic compounds such as lignin and tannins?

Back 4

Green to green-blue to bright blue.

Front 5

What information should be included when drawing a specimen?

Back 5

Magnification, stain, species, and cut.

Front 6

Describe IKI solution.

Back 6

Iodine dissolved in an aqueous solution that binds with starch to produce an intense blue/purple color.

Front 7

Describe Sudan IV.

Back 7

Used for staining lipids. It has the appearance of reddish brown crystals

Front 8

Back 8

Cross section of a eudicot root.

Front 9

Back 9

Cross section of a eudicot stem.

Front 10

What are sclerenchyma fiber cells located?

Back 10

Front 11

Where are the ground, vascular, and dermal tissues located in monocots and eudicot stems.

Back 11

Front 12

Back 12

Cross section of a monocot root.

Front 13

Back 13

Cross section of a monocot stem.

Front 14

Describe the major planes we use for view plant anatomy.

Back 14

Front 15

Back 15

Calcium carbonate cystolith.

Front 16

Back 16

Calcium oxalate raphide.

Front 17

Back 17

Multicystatin crystal

Front 18

Back 18

Oil droplet.

Front 19

Back 19

Starch grain.

Front 20

Where are collenchyma cells?

Back 20

Front 21

Describe plastids.

Back 21

Front 22

Back 22

Anthocyanin.

Front 23

Back 23

Zea mays; closed calyptrogen. Root cap not connected to root. Cell division pattern: cortex, epidermis.

Front 24

Back 24

Raphanus closed dermatocalyptrogen. Root cap connected to root. Cell division pattern: epidermis, root cap.

Front 25

Back 25

Allium open initial cell organization Root cap connected to root.

Front 26

Back 26

Botrychium; 1 initial cell. Root cap connected to root.

Front 27

Back 27

Equisetum shoot apical meristem. Single initial cell. Radial, anticlinal, periclinal cell division.

Front 28

Back 28

Pinus shoot apical meristem. Single cell layer. Anticlinal and periclinal cell division.

Front 29

Back 29

Coleus shoot apical meristem. Tunica corpus cell organization. Tunica arises from anticlinal cell division; corpus arises from periclinal cell devision.

Front 30

Back 30

Xylary fibers.

Front 31

Back 31

Xylary fibers again.

Front 32

Back 32

Extraxylary fibers (dark green).

Front 33

Back 33

Parenchyma

Front 34

Back 34

Collenchyma

Front 35

Back 35

Eudicot guard cells.

Front 36

Back 36

Monocot guard cells.

Front 37

Back 37

Sunken stomata.

Front 38

Back 38

Pelargonium leaf.

Front 39

Back 39

Ligustrum leaf.

Front 40

Describe the different types of trichomes.

Back 40

Front 41

Back 41

Ring porous and diffuse porous.

Front 42

Back 42

Guard cell with subsidiary cells.

Front 43

Back 43

Guard cells with no subsidiary cells.

Front 44

Back 44

Bulliform cells.

Front 45

Where are the metaxylem, protoxylem, pericycle, endodermis, and phloem located in a eudicot root.

Back 45

Front 46

What are the three main types of protostele?

Back 46

Front 47

What are the types of xylem development?

Back 47

xylem in brown; arrows show direction of development from protoxylem to metaxylem.protoxylem is usually distinguished by narrower vessels formed of smaller cells.

Front 48

Back 48

Bi-collateral vascular bundles in cucurbita.

Front 49

What is the difference between protoxylem and metaxylem.

Back 49

Front 50

Back 50

Angular collenchyma.

Front 51

Back 51

Lamellar collenchyma.

Front 52

Back 52

Scalariform vessel perforation in longitudinal cut.

Front 53

What are the different kinds of perforation plates (secondary wall patterns) in metaxylem?

Back 53

simple, scalariform, reticulate, foraminate

Front 54

Back 54

Annual and helical secondary wall patterns in protoxylem.

Front 55

Back 55

Two sieve plates (arrows) can be seen as "blue bars" which demonstrate the length of a single sieve tube element.

Front 56

Back 56

Notice that the cells on the left are all short, block-shaped and have protoplasts (not sieve tube members). The arrows point to several narrow, cytoplasmic cells that are in contact with sieve tube members. They appear to be companion cells.

Front 57

Back 57

P-protein plug.

Front 58

Back 58

Non storied cambium seen in temperate species.

Front 59

Back 59

Storied cambium seen in tropical species.

Front 60

In what cut would we see storied (or non storied) cambium or uniseriate & multiseriate rays?

Back 60

Tangential.

Front 61

Back 61

Tangential section of rays in pine wood.

Front 62

Back 62

Transverse section of rays in pine wood.

Front 63

Back 63

Radial section of rays in pine wood.

Front 64

What is the fence analogy?

Back 64

The radial section allows you to see the fences from the side. Thus you can see the arrangement of the different fence posts as well as the height of the fence. However, you can’t see its thickness.The tangential view is like looking at the fence from one of its ends. You can see its height and thickness but you can’t see the sides of the fence or is length. The transverse you can the fence posts from the top.

Front 65

Back 65

The expanded v-section of ray parenchyma phloem cells ( #3) fill the gapwhich arises as the earlier laid phloem deriving from a then smaller circumferenced vascular cambium are pushed out with the expanding layers of xylem.

Front 66

Back 66

Early wood (lighter) and late wood.

Front 67

Back 67

Lenticels.

Front 68

Where is the periderm?

Back 68

Front 69

Back 69

Resin canal.

Front 70

Back 70

Vitis secondary phloem in longitudinal section. Note sieve tube members, compound sieve plates and lateral sieve areas.

Front 71

Back 71

Robinia secondary phloemshowing dormancy callose on sieve plates as seen in radial section. Produced by storied cambium.

Front 72

Back 72

Wood of Quercus borealis.

Front 73

Back 73

Wood of Acer.

Front 74

Back 74

Wood of Pinus.

Front 75

Back 75

Wood of Robinia.

Front 76

Back 76

Wood of Thuja occidentalis.

Front 77

Back 77

Wood of Celtis occidentalis.

Front 78

What do uniseriate and multiseriate rays look like?

Back 78

Front 79

Back 79

Wood of Ulmus.

Front 80

Back 80

Wood of Juglans.

Front 81

Back 81

Wood of Castanea.

Front 82

Back 82

Leaf abscission zone.

Front 83

Back 83

Orchid root cross section (velamen, exodermis, cortex, endodermis, stele).

Front 84

Back 84

Aerenchyma cells.

Front 85

Back 85

Glandular trichomes.

Front 86

Back 86

Shade (A) vs sun (B) leaf.

Front 87

What do bundle sheath cells look like?

Back 87

Front 88

Back 88

Cannabis trichomes.

Front 89

Back 89

Cytolith of Ficus (rubber plant). Note multiseriate epidermis. The cystolith is a cacium carbonate inclusion.

Front 90

Back 90

Uniseriate and glandular trichomes of Lycopersicon.

Front 91

Back 91

Lateral root placement in Zea alternates with primary xylem (opposite the primary phloem). Note its origin is beneath the endodermis in the pericycle.

Front 92

Back 92

Root apical meristem of Brassica showing three tier organization, type 1: epidermis shares initial with cortex (open).

Front 93

Back 93

Root apical meristem of Linum(flax, Linaceae) showing three tier organization, type 2: epidermis shares initial with root cap (closed dermatocalyptrogen).

Front 94

Back 94

Shoot apex of Elodea, a common submerged aquatic plant. Note the number of tunica layers, thickness of leaves, irregularity of axillary buds.

Front 95

What is merocrine secretion?

Back 95

Excretion via exocytosis or transport(passive/active)

Front 96

What is holocrine secretion?

Back 96

Secretory compound released afterdegeneration/lysis of secretory structure

Front 97

Back 97

Capitate trichome.

Front 98

Back 98

Peltate trichome.

Front 99

Back 99

Resin duct in pine needle.

Front 100

Back 100

Lactifers in Allium leaves.

Front 101

Where are the metaxylem and metaphloem in the Medicago stem?

Back 101

Front 102

Where are the metaxylem and metaphloem in the Zea leaf?

Back 102

Front 103

Back 103

Bundle sheath extensions (Zea mays).

Front 104

Back 104

Wood of juniper.

Front 105

Back 105

A (raphides) and B(druses).

Front 106

Back 106

secondary cell walls in xylem.

Front 107

What are the pores in hardwood?

Back 107

Vessels; gymnosperms only have (tracheids).

Front 108

What kind of secondary cell wall thickening does protoxylem have?

Back 108

Annular and spiral. (Smaller in diameter than metaxylem).

Front 109

What kind of secondary cell wall thickening does metaxylem have?

Back 109

Pitted. (Larger in diameter than protoxylem).

Front 110

What is the difference between protophloem and metaphloem?

Back 110

Protophloem is thinner and the sieve areas are inconspicuous. Metaphloem is wider, has distinct sieve areas, and has companion cells.

Front 111

What is phloroglucinol used for?

Back 111

A stain specific for lignin and suberin used to stain secondary walls red.

Front 112

Back 112

Stomatal crypts.

Front 113

Back 113

Substomatal chamber.

Front 114

Where are the dorsal and ventral parts of the guard cell?

Back 114

Front 115

How many vascular bundles are in each needle of a pine species with five needles per fasicle?

Back 115

1 vascular bundle.

Front 116

How many vascular bundles are in each needle of a pine species with two-three needles per fasicle?

Back 116

2 vascular bundles.