Plant Biology 6

Front 1

Plants that grow in poor soils can enhance their nutrient uptake by...

Back 1

-root morphology
-biotic associations
-highly specialised growth styles ie paraisitism and carnivory

Front 2

What are the two different types of root morphological adaptations to poor soils?

Back 2

-Cluster roots, intense proliferation of lateral roots to increase surface area
-proteoid roots in the proteaceae family, clusters and lateral roots form near the soil surface, solubilising phosphate

Front 3

What are the 3 groups of mycorrhizae?

Back 3

1.Ectomycorrhizae
2.Ericaceous mycorrhizae
3. Vescicular arbuscula mycorhizzae

Front 4

What is ectomycorrhizae?

Back 4

Where the fungal sheath surrounds the roots but doesnt penetrate cells

Front 5

What is ericaceous mycorrhizae?

Back 5

Found in Ericaceae, Epacridaceae, Empetraceae - intercellular hypae coils develop in roots

Front 6

What is vescicular arbuscula mycorrhizae?

Back 6

-endotrophic
-storage vescicules and/or arbuscles are formed within cortical walls

Front 7

What do mycorrhizae increase the uptake of?

Back 7

Phosphorus

Front 8

What are other benefits of mycorrhizae?

Back 8

-increased water uptake
-counteract soil toxicity
-soil structure is improved
-protection from pathogens
-nutrient aquisition

Front 9

What percentage of nitrogen ade available to plants is fixed by bacteria?

Back 9

90%

Front 10

Chemically, what happens in nitrogen fixation?

Back 10

Molecular nitrogen, N2, is reduced to ammonium and made available for plants.

Front 11

What is the soil zone immediately surrounding the plant roots called?

Back 11

The rhizosphere

Front 12

What are the 6 steps that lead to the forming of root nodule?

Back 12

1.chemosensory mechanisms attract rhizobium to root hair
2. Bacterial hormone causes root hair to curl
3.inward growth of cell wall of root hair providing infection thread
4.infection thread links to golgi apparatus
5.Infection thread grows into cells
6.branching of infection thread leads into cortical cells

Front 13

What is the specialised feeding organ that mistletoe uses to tap into the host plants xylem?

Back 13

haustorium

Front 14

What kind of glands do carnivorous plants have?

Back 14

mucilage producing glands

Front 15

What are the four divisions of the gymnosperms?

Back 15

-cycadophyta
-gingkophyta
-pinophyta
-gnetophyta

Front 16

In the gymnosperms, is the gametophyte or the sporophyte dominant?

Back 16

The gametophyte is reduced and the females is contained within the sporophytic tissue.

Front 17

What do the male and female gametophytes in the gymnosperms consist of?

Back 17

Male - pollen grain and germ tube
Female - several egg containing archegonia

Front 18

Are gymnosperms homo or hetero sporus?

Back 18

Heterosporues - microspores and megespores

Front 19

How does fertilisation in conifers occur?

Back 19

Pollen is blown by wind and are transfered via a pollen tube to the archegonia. Pollen tubes must grow for 15 months before fertilisation occurs.

Front 20

What are the drought resistant features of a pine needle?

Back 20

-reduced to a needle; low surface area
-thick cuticle
- sunken stomata
-hypodermis below epidermis
-vasucular tissue at centre of the leaf

Front 21

How many divisions of algae are there? Which have we studied?

Back 21

10.
Rhodophyta
Chlorophyta
Phaeophyta

Front 22

What are the main distinguishing features of algae?

Back 22

-reproductive cells occur in unicellular or multicellular organs, in which every cell is fertile
-male and female gametes are shed and fertilisation happens in water

Front 23

What are the three main types of sexual reproduction in algae?

Back 23

1.sporic meiosis
2. gametic meiosis
3. zygotic meiosis

Front 24

An example of alternation of generations in sporic meiosis that occurs in all Plantae

Back 24

Sporophyte(2)
meiosis
spores
germination
gametophyte (n)
gametes
fertilisation
zygote
sporophyte
yte

Front 25

Gametic meiosis - alternation of generation (not common in algae)

Back 25

Diploid parent
meiosis
gametes(n)
fertilisation
zygote(2n)

Front 26

Zygotic meiosis alternation of generations

Back 26

Zygote (2n)
meiosis
immature haploid cells
germination
haploid parents(n)
gametes
fertilisation

Front 27

What are the three types of zygotic fertilisation in algae?

Back 27

Isogamous - Egg and sperm look the same
Anisogamous - egg larger then sperm
Oogamous - egg significantly larger then sperm

Front 28

What are 5 human uses of the Phaeophyta?

Back 28

1. food
2. medicinal
3. animal feed
4.fertilisers
5.commercial uses

Front 29

What are the two types of thallus construction in the Phaeophyta?

Back 29

Parenchymatous - growth in more then one direction
Filamentous - growth in one plane only

Front 30

what are the 3 tissue layers that exist in the larger algae?

Back 30

Meristoderm
cortex
medulla

Front 31

Life cycle - gametic meiosis single independent generation

Back 31

male - diploid plant (2n) - female
antheridium------------oogonium
meiosis------------------meiosis
sperm (n)----------------eggs(n)
-------------fertilisation
--------------zygote

Front 32

What are the three environmental factors that aid in the coordination of reproductive cycles in marine macro algae?

Back 32

Temperature, light quality, daylength

Front 33

What can stimulate release of reproductive cells in marine macro algae?

Back 33

-dessication
-emergence from dark to light
-increase in temperature
-freshwater

Front 34

How many species of Chlorophyta are there? What percent are marine?

Back 34

17000 species
10% marine or brackish

Front 35

What are the different morphology types of the chlorophyta?

Back 35

-non motile/motile unicells and colonies
-unbranched/branched filaments
-parenchymatous
-vesicular
-siphonous

Front 36

Distinguishing features of the rhodophyta include -

Back 36

-absence of flagellate stages
-accessory p/s pigments
-oogamous sexual reproduction with carpogonia and spermatia

Front 37

How are 95% of the Rhodophyta's Thalli constructed?

Back 37

Filamentous

Front 38

What are the three generations in Rhodophyta reproduction?

Back 38

1. Independant gametophyte (n)
2.Carosporophyte which is dependant on the gametophyte (2n)
3. Independant tetrasporophyte (2n)

Front 39

What was thought about pre European Australia

Back 39

That it could only support a population of about 5000, now thought to be 15,000-150,000.

Front 40

Who were two men who provided valuable information about the Aborigine's diet and lifestyle.

Back 40

William Buckley - escaped convict lived around the Barwon river for 32 years with the indigenous population.
Edward Palmer - a queensland pastoralist

Front 41

What were the main crops the aborigines had when Captain Phillip granted them the gift of argriculture?

Back 41

Yams, millet, fruit trees, burning, quandongs, solanum and wild fig, irrigation and animal husbandry.

Front 42

How were yams farmed by the indigenous people?

Back 42

When dug up, top of the tuber left so yam could grow again.
Yams planted on offshore islands
Some signs of ownership

All examples of plant tending and management.

Early explorer found great potato gardens

Front 43

How were fruit trees farmed by aborigines?

Back 43

Fruit seeds were spat into "compost" heaps of fish and other waste around camps to provide the seedling with nutrients.

Front 44

How did aborigines harvest millet?

Back 44

The grass was gathered when it was still green and stacked in heaps. The seeds were left to dry and ripen in the sun and were later threshed.
Definitely not just 'ad hoc' gathering.

Front 45

Why did the aborigines burn areas of land?

Back 45

To flush animals out of forest in order to hunt them.
To promote regeneration of certain plants.
They did not burn rainforest as this was already a source of abundant food.

Front 46

What did aborigines do with quandongs?

Back 46

They deseeded them and dried them in the sun for later use.

Front 47

What did aborigines do with the fruits of Solanum and wild fig?

Back 47

Rolled them in balls of ochre to preserve them and stored them in trees for later use.

Front 48

Describe indigenous irrigation and animal husbandry.

Back 48

In some places, water was diverted to the bases of fruit trees.
Miles of canals and pits were dug to trap eels.

Front 49

How can European style agriculture and Koorie gathering be compared?

Back 49

-Preparation of soil - Digging stick used to loosen soil and incorporate organic material
-Koorie burning to produce ash akin to using fertiliser
- Thinning of perennial plants similar to Koorie separation of clumps of perennials to remove tubers
-leaving some tubers in the ground and burning after seeds formation is like planting and sowing
-some tribes carried tubers and seeds from camp to camp and traded them with other tribes. this is similar to the spreading of cultivated plants in modern agriculture