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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Briefly describe the problem in using ‘common’ names for plants.
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The same plant may have several different common names, depending on geographical location. Whereas scientific names transcend regional and language barriers.
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The code of botanical nomenclature states six principles. Briefly, what are they?
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1. Plant nomenclature and animal nomenclature are independent.
2.Names of plants or plant groups are based on types. 3. Nomenclature is based on priority of publication. 4. Each plant or group of plants can only bear one correct/legitimate name-the earliest one published in accordance with the rules. 5. Scientific names are in Latin. 6. Rules of the code are retrospective. |
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What is a plant "type"?
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a dried specimen to which the name of the plant/plant group is attached.
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What is a holotype?
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The principle specimen.
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What is a Syntype?
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A specimen cited in a description for which there is no designated holotype.
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What is a lectotype?
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A syntype chosen to represent a holotype.
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What is a Neotype?
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A specimen selected to be the principle (holo)type when no original material from the specimen exists.
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What is the word describing the situatiion where 2 plants are given the same name?
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Homonym
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What is a published plant name that is no longer valid called?
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A synonym.
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Under what circumstances would the scientific names of plants be changed?
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If an error was found or new information uncovered. ie. one taxa becoming two
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What is an Angiosperm?
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A flowering, fruit bearing plant or tree, the ovules(seeds) develop within an enclosed ovary, the ovary wall is actually the fruit.
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What is a gymnosperm?
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Literally, "naked seed". A group of vascular plants whos seeds are not enclosed by a fruit. eg conifers, pines, gingko
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What is the stem of a flower otherwise known as?
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A pedicel
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What is the outermost whorl of a flower called?
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The Calyx, composed of sepals which protect the bud, usually green.
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What is the second outermost whorl of a flower called?
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The corolla, petals collectively. Brightly coloured, larger then the sepals.
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What is the term used if the calyx and the corolla are very similar in texture and colour?
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Perianth, parts are refered to as perianth parts or tepals.
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What is the collective term for stamens?
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Androecium
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What are stamens and what are they consist of?
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The male reproductive part of angiosperms. The fillament (stalk) and anther which contains two lobes each containing two pollen filled sacks.
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What is the female reproductive part of angiosperm flowers called?
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The Gynoecium, carpels collectively.
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What are carpels and what do they consist of?
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Femal reproductive part of angiosperm flowers. Consisting of stigma, style and ovary.
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When a gynoecium has multiple carpels, what are the terms for the carpels being fused and separate?
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Fused =Syncarpous
Separate = Apocarpous |
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What makes an ovary superior?
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When the ovary is attached to the receptacle above the other floral parts.
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What is an inferior ovary?
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When the ovary is attached beneath the other floral parts.
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A flower with a superior ovary can be described as what?
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Hypogynous.
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A flower with an inferior ovary can be described as...
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epigynous.
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What is a perigynous flower?
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One where the ovary is half superior, half inferior. Also known as perigynous.
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What is the cavity in which the ovule is contained in?
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A locule. Generally the number of carpels=the number of locules.
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If a plant has both male and female flowers on it, what is it called?
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Monoecious
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If male flowers are on one plant and female flowers on another, the plant is known as...
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dioecious
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If flowers are bisexual, the plant is referred to as...
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synoecious
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Common name of Ginkgo Biloba?
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maiden hair tree
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The genus araucaria of the family Araucariaceae's common name...
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monkey puzzle tree
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The latin name for daffodils
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Amaryllidaceae narcissus
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The scientific name for the allum lily (native to south africa)
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Araceae zantedeschia
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The scientific name for ivy
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Araliaceae hedera
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The daisy family is also known as
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Asteraceae
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The pine family is called...
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Pinaceae
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The cypress family is called
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Cupressaceae
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The honey suckle family is called..
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Caprifoliaceae
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The sedge family is called...
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Cyperaceae
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The progenitor of all other cells are the...
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parenchyma cells
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The functions of parenchyma cells are...
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respiration, photosynthesis, digestion, storage, conduction and wound healing.
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The location of parenchyma cells withing the plant are:
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Throughout the whole plant, cortex, pith, xylem, phloem, leaf mesophyll and fruit.
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The main characteristics of collenchyma cells are...
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The cell wall is unevenly thickened, primary only and non lignified.
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The location of collenchyma cells are...
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under the epidermis and bordering veins in dicots.
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The function of collenchyma cells is to...
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support sturcture in the primary plant body.
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The two types of sclerenchyma cells are...
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fibers and sclereids.
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The characteristics of sclerenchyma fibres are...
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The cells are very long.
The cell wall is primary and thick secondary. Often lacks protoplast at maturity. |
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The characteristics of sclereids are...
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variable shape, often shorter then fibres. Cell wall same as for fibers.
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The location of sclerenchyma cells...
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with xylem and phloem, sometimes in stem cortex, in monocot leaves and throughout the plant.
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The function of sclerenchyma cells...
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support and mechanical protection.
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The location of tracheids...
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in the xylem.
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The characteristics of tracheids are...
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Cell wall:primary and secondary, lignified, contains pits (not perforations), no protoplast at maturity, pits concentrated on overlapping ends of cells, pits have only primary walls, pits overlap adjoining tracheids allowing water to pass.
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The function of tracheids...
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water conduction.
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The location of vessel members
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xylem
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The function of vessel members
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water conduction in angiosperms, these do not occur in gymnosperms.
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Characteristics of vessel members...
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cell walls contains pits/perforations, lacks protoplast at maturity. Several vessel members end to end equal a vessel.
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Sieve tube members (angios) and sieve cells (gymnos) location
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phloem
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Sieve tube members (angios) and sieve cells (gymnos) characteristics
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cell wall: primary with sieve areas, nucleus a remnant or lacking. they have companion cells.
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Sieve tube members/sieve cells function
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photosynthate trans-location.
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Which cells move nutrients in and out of sieve tube members?
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Companion cells (albuminous cells in gymnosperms).
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What determines whether a tissue is simple or complex?
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Simple tissues consist of only one type of cell, while complex are made from two or more.
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The generalist or "packing" tissue that is progenitor to all other tissues is...
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parenchyma tissue.
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Is the epidermis tissue simple or complex?
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complex, made from mostly parenchyma cells but specialist cells can occur.
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Some characteristics of the epidermis are..
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one cell layer thick, outer walls covered with a cuticle.
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What is Collenchyma tissue?
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Simple tissue (collenchyma cells only), occurs in strands beneath stems and petioles, a support tissue, borders veins in dicot leaves.
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Why are schlerenchyma tissues important?
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They are the strengthening element in plants that have stopped elongating.
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What is xylem made up of?
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Tracheids, vessel elements. sclerenchyma and parenchyma cells
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What does xylem do?
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Conducts water upwards and stores nutrient.
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What is phloem made up of?
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Sieve tube members/cells, companion/albuminous cells, parenchyma and sclerenchyma cells.
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What function does phloem perform?
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It transports sugars throughout the plant (called trans-location). They can also store substances.
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What are the 3 types of vascular tissue?
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Xylem, phloem, cambium
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Where is the cambium located and what does it do?
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It is a single cell layer between the xylem and the phloem and divides radially to form secondary xylem or secondary phloem.
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What occurs in primary and secondary root growth?
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Primary- lengthening of roots
Secondary - widening of roots |
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What is the difference between dicot and monocot roots?
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Monocots have many "arms" of xylem with pith in the centre.
Dicots have few arms of xylem and no centre pith. |
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What are aerial roots also called?
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Pneumatophores ie in mangroves so that the roots can absorb oxygen in constantly waterlogged conditions
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What are proteoid roots?
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Modified roots that allow phosphorus accumulation, common on Proteaceae family.
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What are adventitious roots?
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Modified roots that grow from stems, mostly in grasses.
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What are rhizomes?
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Underground stems, not true roots.
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What are potatoes?
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Underground stems, the eyes are the buds.
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What is the name of the fungal associations that increase the effective surface area of roots and allow phosphorus accumulation?
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Mycorrhizae
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Bacteria in nodules on the roots of legumes allowing nitrogen fixation are called
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rhizobium
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The 4 main functions of stems are...
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Support of the leaves, growth to access light, Conduction of water and other solutes, storage
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What is a meristem?
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A region of cells capable of division and growth in plants.
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What is vascular cambium?
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A layer of cells between the primary xylem and phloem that divide to create secondary xylem and phloem.
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What is wood made of?
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Secondary xylem
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What is the periderm?
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It is the outer woody layer that replaces the epidermis in secondary growth.
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What does the periderm consist of?
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phellem (cork), phellogen (cork cambium), phelloderm (inner cork skin)
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What are the spongy areas in cork surfaces allowing gas exchange between tissues and the atmosphere called?
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Lenticels
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What is bark?
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All tissue outside the vascular cambium incl. any remaining primary tissues, secondary phloem and the periderm.
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5 stem modifications are...
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Tendrils-aid to support vines.
Thorns - modified stems Cacti - stem functions as a leaf Tubers - specialized underground stems that store starch Rhizomes - underground stem |
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How can you recognise leaflets?
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By the absence of buds/flowers/branches in their axils.
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Plants requiring abundant soil water and a humid climate are called...
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Mesophytes
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Plants growing wholly or partly in water are called...
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Hydrophytes
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Plants with characteristics that allow them to grow in arid environments are called...
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xerophytes
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Pores in the epidermis of leaves are called...
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stomata
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Hydrophytes stomata are on the ....side of leaves.
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upper
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Mesophytes stomata are on the ....side of the leaves.
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lower
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Xerophytes have more ..... on their leaves then any other types of plant.
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Stomata
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In mesophytes, the layer under neath the upper (ventral) epidermis of the leaf is usually...
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palisade parenchyma or mesophyll
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Where is spongy parenchyma located in mesophytes?
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On the lower (dorsal) side of the leaf
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In hydrophytes, the spongy parenchyma combined with air bubbles forms what?
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aerenchyma
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In what type of plants do isobilateral leaves occur, and what are they?
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Xerophytes have the palisade mesophyll on both the bottom and the top of the leaf
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In grasses, what is the photosynthetic material called?
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Chlorenchyma
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Is the xylem on the upper or lower surface of the leaf?
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Upper, as it is on the inside of the stem.
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In monocots, large veins are surrounded by..
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parenchyma. small veins by a bundle sheath.
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What is found at the tips of all roots and stems?
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Apical meristems
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The apical meristem splits off into 3 primary meristems, what are they?
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The protoderm, ground meristem and procambium.
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What primary tissue does the protoderm become?
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The epidermis
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What primary tissue does the ground meristem become and what is the tissue composed of?
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Ground tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma)
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What primary tissues does the procambium become?
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xylem and phloem
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What are the three ground tissues of the ground tissue system called?
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parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma
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What are the two vascular tissues?
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xylem and phloem
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Some things that sclereids make up are...
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seed coats of seeds, stones in stonefruit, gritty texture in pears
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What are the three processes that constitute development?
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Growth, Morphogenesis and Differentiation
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What type of cell is polyhedral(manysided)?
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parenchyma cells
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What are the two different types of root systems?
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Taproot system - dicots, one tap root (primary root) with branching lateral roots.
Fibrous root system - monocots, short lived primary root, main root system derived from the stem. |
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What determines the depth to which a root system penetrates the soil and spreads laterally?
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Moisture, temperature, soil composition.
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In regards to tree roots, how much greater is the lateral spread of the root system then the spread of the crown?
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Generally 4 to 7 times greater.
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What part of the root facilitates water uptake?
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The root hairs
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What is the slimy sheath that covers the growing root tip to help lubricate it through the soil?
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Mucigel
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A more appropriate term for spirally arranged leaves is...
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Helical
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Sessile leaves are...
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leaves without a petiole (stalk)
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What is the ground tissue of the leaf and its function?
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The mesophyll is responsible for photosynthesis
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In xerophytes, where does palisade mesophyll exist?
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On both the upper and lower sides of the leaf.
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The separation of the leaf from the stem is called...
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abscission
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