Plant Biology

Front 1

The ribosome factory

Back 1

nucleolus

Front 2

plant cell features

Back 2

cellulosic cell wall, many small vacuoles, chloroplasts, plastids

Front 3

How do plants stand up?

Back 3

water moves into a central large vacuole by osmolarity

Front 4

How do plants grow?

Back 4

plants grow by elongation due to increasing pressure within the cell.

Front 5

What is the red pigment in tomatoes?

Back 5

licopine

Front 6

Why are tomatoes red?

Back 6

the chloroplasts degenerate and regenerate into chromoplasts

Front 7

organelles of plant

Back 7

nucleus, chromoplasts, vacuoles, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic recticulum, peroxisomes

Front 8

smooth ER makes?

Back 8

lipids and substances for detoxification

Front 9

rough ER :

Back 9

linked to golgi, includes ribosomes synthesizing proteins.

Front 10

ribosome locations

Back 10

Cytosol and rough ER, both kinds make different types of proteins

Front 11

What plant organelles contain DNA?

Back 11

all double bound membrane organelles (nuclei, chromoplast, mitochondria

Front 12

main function of mitochondria?

Back 12

synthesize ATP

Front 13

Where is ATP synthesized and what else happens in this place?

Back 13

The cristae of the mitochondria, this is also where oxidation of glucose fatty acids occur.

Front 14

What is the cuticle?

Back 14

a waxy coating secreted by the epidermal cells to protect the plant from water loss

Front 15

mesophyll cells are?

Back 15

photosynthetic

Front 16

What are the two types of mesophyll cells?

Back 16

palisade and spongy

Front 17

Chloroplasts have more of what than mitochondria

Back 17

compartments

Front 18

Name the compartments of chloroplasts

Back 18

stroma, thylakoids, inner membrane space

Front 19

stroma of the chloroplast

Back 19

where carbon dioxide is fixed

Front 20

thylakoids of the chloroplast

Back 20

where light is absorbed, this is where chlorophyll resides (where ATP synthesis happens)

Front 21

Inner membrane of the chloroplast

Back 21

transporters for phosphate and sucrose precursors

Front 22

outer membrane of chloroplasts are?

Back 22

permeable to small molecules

Front 23

stomata

Back 23

pore structures which gas can exchange, this is where water is lost from a leaf. Guard cells on either side of the pore regulate the size

Front 24

What accounts for genomic size differences?

Back 24

repetitive element, most likely due to retroviruses

Front 25

chloroplasts do not have?

Back 25

highly repetitive genome sequences

Front 26

Chloroplasts and mitochondria have different?

Back 26

transcriptional apparatuses

Front 27

Give the break down of Leaf DNA

Back 27

75% nuclear genome, 20% chloroplasts, 1% mitochondria

Front 28

mitochondrial genome between plants?

Back 28

genome varies in size

Front 29

chloroplast genome between plants

Back 29

varies vary little between plants.

Front 30

Endosymbiont hypothesis for mitochondrial evolution

Back 30

endocytosis of bacterium capable of oxidative phosphorylation

Front 31

endosymbiont hypothesis for chloroplast evolution

Back 31

endocytosis of bacterium capable of photosynthesis

Front 32

plant plastids share a common ancestor with ?

Back 32

modern cynobacteria ( found out by comparison of RNA sequences )

Front 33

mtrNA sequences show that that they share a comon ancestor with?

Back 33

proteobacteria

Front 34

chloroplast look like they arose from an organism that has?

Back 34

a green lineage and not as much red lineage.

Front 35

all plastids arise from ?

Back 35

proplastids that differentiate.

Front 36

What happens in the stroma

Back 36

it is where dark reactions take place

Front 37

etioplasts

Back 37

plants grown in the dark

Front 38

amlyoplasts

Back 38

starch plants

Front 39

leucoplasts

Back 39

not loaded with starch, white unphotosynthetic plants

Front 40

chromoplasts

Back 40

red in color, sometimes they will come from chloroplasts, they have a different intermembrane system

Front 41

plants used by Correns?

Back 41

four o'clock, had white green and variagated, all fertile flowers

Front 42

4oclock plants exhibit?

Back 42

strictly maternal inheritace, what even color the mother plant was was the color of their leaves (variegated produced variegated, green, and white)

Front 43

Bauer found?

Back 43

that it was actually plastids being inherited in the four oclock plant maternally

Front 44

Sorting out process:

Back 44

Variegated can produce three types of egg cells in this process of plastid inheritance.

Front 45

Significance of the pelargonium

Back 45

biparental inheritance of plastidial and mitochondrial DNA

Front 46

In the pelargonium white sectors exhibited what and green sectors what?

Back 46

white showed maternal inheritance and green was biparental

Front 47

variagated phenotypes can also arise from?

Back 47

mutations in nuclear genes.

Front 48

most proteins that reside in chloroplasts and mitochondria are encoded by?

Back 48

the nuclear genome and not not their own.

Front 49

What is the most abundant protein on earth?

Back 49

Rubisco

Front 50

rubisco's first name?

Back 50

fraction 1 protein

Front 51

where is rubisco found?

Back 51

in the stroma of the chloroplast

Front 52

rubisco reaction

Back 52

CO2 + 1,5 ribulos biphosphate> (6 carbon)> 2(3-phosphoglycerate)

Front 53

What does rubisco do?

Back 53

catalyzes the first reaction in CO2 fixation

Front 54

substrates of rubisco reaction

Back 54

Co2, molecular oxygen, 1,5 ribulose biphosphate, H20

Front 55

rubisco structure

Back 55

L8S8 heterodimer

Front 56

how many times do you crank the calvin cycle to get one hexose sugar?

Back 56

6 times

Front 57

what started with calvin?

Back 57

pulse labeling (radioactive molecules)

Front 58

G3p (6 carbon)

Back 58

antiported into the cytosol where it is converted into sucrose (12 carbon)

Front 59

Rubisco is only active when?

Back 59

during the day

Front 60

Difference between photorespiration and photosynthesis

Back 60

photorespiration only takes 1 molecule of 3 phosphoglycerate instead of 2.

Front 61

If photorespiration was suppressed, what would happen?

Back 61

increased efficiency of photosynthesis

Front 62

Where does photosynthesis happen in c4 plants?

Back 62

in the bundle sheath cells

Front 63

What has a more efficient photosynthetic process C3 or C4

Back 63

C4 plants,

Front 64

if you increase CO2 in C4 plants than?

Back 64

it will favor carboxylation, reduced respiration due to increased carboxylation

Front 65

scientific name for cultivated tobacco

Back 65

nicotina tabacum

Front 66

scientific name for tree tabaco

Back 66

nicotina glauca

Front 67

Rubisco inheritance in the nicotina tabacum and gluaca

Back 67

Large subunit is maternal plastid inheritance and the small subunit is mendellian inheritance.

Front 68

effects of chloramphenicol and cycloheximide on rubisco subunit synthesis

Back 68

Chloramphenicol prevented the synthesis of the Large subunit and cycloheximide prevented the synthesis of the small subunit

Front 69

Where are the large and small subunits of rubisco synthesized.

Back 69

small is synthesized in the cytosol and large is synthesizedd in the chloroplast.

Front 70

Hsp70

Back 70

heat shock protein, proteins need to stay unfolded in the mitochondria

Front 71

Hsc70

Back 71

chaperone protein like hsp70, found in mitochondria, chloroplasts and cytosol, is an ATPase

Front 72

What are the male parts of a plant?

Back 72

The anthers, they contain pollen

Front 73

What is the female part of the plant?

Back 73

stigma, where pollen is delivered

Front 74

maize plant inheritance?

Back 74

uniparental maternal

Front 75

seqoia plant inheritance?

Back 75

uniparental paternal

Front 76

stain used for DNA

Back 76

ethidium bromid

Front 77

stain used for mitochondria

Back 77

DiOC6

Front 78

musa acuminata

Back 78

exception to the rule it has m+p- and the mito DNA came from father and the plastid came from mother.

Front 79

what cells give rise to the pollen tubule?

Back 79

vegative cells

Front 80

spider plant inheritance

Back 80

the vast majority of its pollen gives rise to maternal inheritance, and some its pollen will give rise to biparental

Front 81

What causes the unique inheritance of spider plants

Back 81

They are mostly maternal inheritance of plastids, but the failure to polarize plastid dna results in paternal plastid DNA in the generative cell resulting in biparental inheritance as well.