Plant Biology

Front 1

What are the two life cycle phases of a seed-bearing plant?

Back 1

Vegetative and Reproductive

Front 2

How long does the vegetative phase last for annuals, biennials, and perennials, shrubs, and trees, respectively.

Back 2

Annuals- a few weeks

Biennials- two growing seasons

Perennials, shrubs, and trees- years

Front 3

When does the reproductive phase begin?

Back 3

Flower bud formation, flowering, and production of fruit and seed

Front 4

What are the three main functions of roots?

Back 4

-Anchor the plant

-Absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil

-In some plants, store food

Front 5

What are the two major kinds of root systems?

Back 5

Fibrous and tap roots

Front 6

Bud

Back 6

A small protuberance on the stem of a plant that may develop into a flower, leaf, or shoot.

Front 7

Chlorophyll

Back 7

The green photosynthetic coloring matter found in plants, particularly in the leaves, where it is continually being manufactured. Known to have a vital role in converting carbon dioxide and water into simple sugars by the process of photosynthesis.

Front 8

Cross pollination

Back 8

Accomplished by either insects or wind, the transfer of pollen from the anthers of one flower to the stigma of another in order to effect fertilization of an ovary; fertilization must take place before seed can be produced.

Front 9

Crown

Back 9

The part of the plant where the stem and root join.

Front 10

Cutting (or slip)

Back 10

A way to propagate plants by breaking or cutting off a portion of a branch or root and planting it in soil or water so that it can grow roots and in time become a plant exactly like the parent one.

Front 11

Dividing

Back 11

A method for increasing plants such as bulbs, perennials, and other plants that spread by developing roots and tips in clumps (e.g., hosts, iris, daylilies). Accomplished by digging up all or a portion of a plant, breaking apart the rooted sections, and replanting.

Front 12

Fibrous root system

Back 12

Made up of many branched roots and rootlets (sometimes with no taproot development as distinguished from bulbous or tuberous roots).

Front 13

Flower

Back 13

Usually a symmetrical form of colorful growth with the primary purpose being to produce seed for seed subsequent reproduction. The seed bearing plant’s reproductive organ.

Front 14

Germination

Back 14

The sprouting of a seed and the commencement of growth. (Also used to mean the starting of plants from seeds.)

Front 15

Husk

Back 15

The dry outer covering of certain seeds, of which the most commonly known is the corn husk.

Front 16

Layering

Back 16

A propagating technique in which the stem of a woody plant is bent down and buried in a rooting medium in order to force the development of roots along the buried portion of stem. Commonly seen with Forsythia.

Front 17

Node

Back 17

A joint or point where a branch, bud, or leaf meets the stem from which it develops.

Front 18

Petiole

Back 18

The stalk of the leaf that attaches the leaf blade to the stem of the plant.

Front 19

Pollen

Back 19

Microscopic dust-like grains, produced on the anthers of flowers, which contain male sex cells. Dry pollen is transported by the wind, sticky pollen by birds and insects. Each pollen grain, after coming to rest on the stigma of a pistol, will produce sperm cells to fertilize an ovule.

Front 20

Pollination

Back 20

This term is used to mean the transfer of pollen from the stamens (staminate flower) to the pistils (pistillate flower). Plants are either cross-pollinated or self-pollinated. Cross-pollinating means the transfer of pollen from flowers of one plant to the flowers of another (either of the same species or a different species). Self-pollinating takes place when pollen is transferred between the reproductive organs of an individual flower or between flowers on the same plant (e.g., sweet peas).

Front 21

Stolon

Back 21

A horizontal branch from the base of a plant that produces new plants from buds at its tip. It creeps along the surface of the ground rooting now and then and forming new plants.

Hint 21

Bermuda grass

Front 22

Tap root

Back 22

A main root descending downward in the soil and giving off small lateral root.

Hint 22

Carrots, dandelions

Front 23

Rhizome

Back 23

An underground stem that spreads by creeping; produces shoots above and roots below.

Hint 23

Iris and Jerusalem Artichoke

Front 24

Root cutting

Back 24

A portion of a root or a root used for propagation.

Front 25

Runner

Back 25

A long, thin, trailing stem that develops new plants when the nodes contact the soil.

Hint 25

Strawberry

Front 26

Seed

Back 26

The small grains produced by flowering plants containing embryos which germinate to produce new plants.

Front 27

Seed germination

Back 27

The beginning of growth of the young plant in a seed when heat, moisture, and air are provided.

Front 28

Seedling

Back 28

The young plant emerging from a germinating seed. If seeds are sown thickly in a seed bed, for example, they soon begin to fight for sufficient growing room. As their true leaves appear, they should be transplanted to bed or box until they are ready for transplant to the garden.

Front 29

Softwood cutting

Back 29

A cutting of a young shoot taken from a woody or herbaceous plant before it has hardened. These cuttings are then planted into a rooting medium for propagation.

Front 30

Sprig

Back 30

A small twig or shoot.

Front 31

Sprout

Back 31

The term used to denote the development of new growth from seed. Also the development of new shoots.

Front 32

What are buds located at the ends of stems called?

Back 32

Terminal or apical buds

Front 33

What happens in the apical meristem?

Back 33

Cells dividing

Front 34

What are the processes responsible for growth?

Back 34

Cell division and cell elongation

Front 35

Growth initiated in terminal buds is referred to as what and what happens?

Back 35

Primary growth and leads to an increase in length of stems.

Front 36

Buds occurring along the sides of stems are called what?

Back 36

Lateral buds

Front 37

Axillary bud

Back 37

A lateral bud which originated in the axis of a leaf. Give rise to branches, but sometimes they may also form flowers.

Front 38

What are the three main functions of stems?

Back 38

- Support and hold leaves up to the light so plant food can be manufactured.

- Conduct or move water, nutrients, and plant food (carbohydrates).

- Food storage. Tubers, rhizomes, and corms.

Front 39

What makes up the vascular system of plants and their specific functions?

Back 39

Xylem and phloem.

Xylem moves water and dissolved nutrients.

Phloem moves plant food (carbohydrates) manufactured in leaves and green stems.

Front 40

Dicotyledonous plants

Back 40

Plants whose seeds have two cotyledons or seed leaves

Front 41

Xylem and phloem are separated by what and what is its function?

Back 41

A layer of tissue called the vascular cambium or cambium layer.

This layer continuously divides, producing xylem cells in the inner side and phloem cells on the outside of the cambium.

New tissue produced by the cambium is responsible for increase in girth of a plant stem.

Hint 41

Front 42

Growth initiated by the cambium layer is called what?

Back 42

Secondary growth

Front 43

Vascular bundles contain what?

Back 43

Xylem, phloem, and cambium

Front 44

Monocotyledonous plants

Back 44

Single seed leaf

Front 45

What is the food-making process in plants called and how does it occur?

Back 45

Photosynthesis. It occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) are transformed into sugars (glucose) from visible light that is absorbed by chlorophyll (green pigment) found in leaves and green stems.

Front 46

What is transpiration?

Back 46

Water lost into the atmosphere by leaves and stems of plants

Front 47

What causes a water deficit?

Back 47

When loss of water is greater or more rapid than absorption; a considerable deficit will cause wilting.

Front 48

Leaf structure

Back 48

Back (Definition)

Front 49

What is the typical structure of dicots? Monocots?

Back 49

Dicots have a netted venation, with one or more important veins forming a conspicuous midrib.

Monocots, such as corn and many grass species, have parallel-veined leaves with inconspicuous branching between the veins.

Hint 49

Front 50

Front (Term)

Back 50

Diagram of flower parts

Front 51

Sepals

Back 51

An outer set of floral leaves which enclose the other parts of the flower until these are nearly mature. Most often, sepals are green in color, but on some flowers such as lilies, they will be the same color as the petals.

Front 52

Calyx

Back 52

The sepals of a flower, collectively.

Front 53

Petals

Back 53

An inner set of colored or white floral leaves make up the corolla. In many flowers, the petals are showy and may help in attracting the attention of insects which assist in pollination.

Front 54

Stamens

Back 54

Within the petals are one or more sets of stamens (male reproductive organs). Stamens are composed of pollen-bearing anthers supported by a filament. When pollen is mature, it is discharged through a rupture or a pore in the anther wall.

Front 55

Pistils

Back 55

At the center of the flower are one or more pistils (female reproductive organs). Pistils consist of an ovule-bearing (or ovary) supporting an elongated region (or style) whose expanded tip or surface is called the stigma. The ovule becomes the seed. The mature ovary becomes the fruit.

Front 56

Receptacle

Back 56

An enlarged part of the flower-supporting stem where the flower parts are borne

Front 57

Vegetative reproduction

Back 57

Means of reproducing other than by seed; cuttings, grafting, layering, division, and separation using stems, runners, tuberous roots, and underground stems

Front 58

Grafting

Back 58

The joining together of two different plant parts so they will fuse and continue to grow as one unit. The upper portion is the scion, while the under part is the stock (rootstock, understock).

Special effects- “tree roses”

Some grafting is necessary because certain soil pathogens make it impossible to grow some plants on their own roots (gardenias, roses).

Dwarfing effect

Certain citrus varieties are grafted on special rootstocks because the rootstock is more resistant to cold or wet soils.

Success depends on how well the cambium layers of the scion and stock match up.

Front 59

What are considered the “optimum growing conditions”?

(6)

Back 59

Sunlight, day-length (photo period), temperature (day, night, seasonal), air moisture (humidity), rainfall, and soils (texture and pH).

Front 60

The process by which carbon dioxide and water are combined in the presence of light to form sugar is called:

a) Respiration

b) Photosynthesis

c) Transpiration

Back 60

b) Photosynthesis

Front 61

Monocotyledonous plants and dicotyledonous plants differ in which way?

a) Monocots have no true stems

b) The arrangement of xylem, phloem and cambium

c) Dicots always grow larger than monocots

d) None of the above

Back 61

b) The arrangement of xylem, phloem, and cambium

Front 62

The part of the flower where pollen lands and sprouts to fertilize the ovary is called the receptacle.

a) True

b) False

Back 62

b) False (stigma)