Plant Biology #2 Vocab

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Prokaryotes

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Bacteria and a cell lacking a membrane-bounded nucleus and membrane-bounded organelles

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Bacteria

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The phylogenetic domain consisting of all prokaryotes that are not members of the domain Archaea.

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Phylogeny

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The evolutionary history of groups of organisms.

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Classification

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The grouping and ranking of organisms.

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Nitrogen-Fixation

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The incorporation of atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds.

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Heterocysts

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A transparent, thick-walled, nitrogen-fixing cell that forms in the filaments of certain cyanobacteria.

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False Branching

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Due to breakage of one filament into 2 parts, and the lateral displacement of the ends of 2 aligned but now separate filaments through the thick sheath material.

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Protozoa

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One-celled "animal-like" protists and as a group gave rise to the true animals and fungi.

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Algae

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Plant-like protists and as a group gave rise to the plant kingdom.

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Mycetozoa

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A third protistan group which consists of organisms loosely known as slime molds.

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Heterotrophic

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Having to obtain their food from other organisms by eating plants, animals, or other organisms. ("Other-Feeders")

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Ingestion

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Taking in whole food particles, just as most animals do.

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Flagellum

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A long threadlike organelle that protrudes from the surface of a cell.

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Eukaryotic Flagellum

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A distinctive internal structural organization of 9 double microtubules surrounding a pair of microtubules in the center.

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Amoebae

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A group of protozoa that have no flagella.

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Cilia

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A short, hairlike flagellum, usually numerous and arranged in rows.

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Ciliates

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Have numerous, short whip-like structures known as cilia.

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Autotrophic

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Able to synthesize their own food from simple inorganic compounds using the energy of light. ("Self-Feeders")

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Phycobilins

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A group of water-soluble accessory pigments, which occur in the red algae and cyanobacteria.

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Cyclosis (Cytoplasmic Streaming)

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The streaming of cytoplasm within a cell.

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Absorption

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Invade the tissues of other either living or dead organisms and secrete substances that liquefy part of the other organism so that they are able to absorb nutrients from the other organism into their own body.

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Parasite

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An organism that lives on or in an organism of a different species and derives nutrients from it.

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Saprobes

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An organism that secures its food directly from nonliving organic matter.

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Mycelium

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The mass of hyphae forming the body of a fungus, oomycete, or chytrid.

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Hyphae

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Fungal filaments that grow rapidly.

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Chitin

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A tough material found in hard shells or exoskeletons. It's more resistant to microbial degradation than is cellulose.

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Coenocytic

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"Contained in a common cytoplasm" or multinucleate.

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Septa

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A partition or cross wall.

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Septate

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Divided by cross walls into cells or compartments.

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Chytrids

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The only fungi that still have flagellate, motile cells, but no chitin or cellulose.

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Zygomycetes

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Fungi that have septate hyphae only as part of the formation of reproductive structures.

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Zygospores

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A thick-walled, resistant spore that develops from a zygote, resulting from the fusion of isogametes.

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Zygosporangium

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A sporangium containing one or more zygospores.

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Rhizoids

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The special hyphae that attach the mycelium to the substratum.

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Sporangia

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A hollow unicellular or multicellular structure in which spores are produced.

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Spores

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A reproductive cell, usually unicellular, capable of developing into an adult without fusion with another cell.

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Ascomycetes

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Fungi that usually have septate hyphae that are perforated and that develop a special kind of reproductive structure known as an ascus.

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Ascus

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A sac-like structure in which meiosis takes place and spores known as ascospores are formed internally.

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Ascospore

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A spore produced within an ascus; found in ascomycetes.

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Apothecium

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A cup-shaped or saucer-shaped open ascoma.

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Cleistothecium

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A closed, spherical ascoma.

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Perithecium

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A spherical or flask-shaped ascoma.

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Basidiomycetes

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Most complex group of fungi, always have septate hyphae that are perforated, and have a reproductive structure known as a basidium.

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Basidium

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Club-shaped reproductive structure in which nuclear fusion and meiosis occur.

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Basidiospores

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Attached by slender stalks to the outside surface of the basidium.

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Deuteromycetes

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Appear to be ascomycetes that no longer reproduce sexually.
Ex.= Penicillium (antibiotic)

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Lichens

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Compound organisms that are formed through an obligate symbiotic association between a fungus and a cyanobacterium or an alga.

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Crustose

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Flattened and adhere firmly to some substrate such as a rock.

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Foliose

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Leaflike and are loosely attached to their substrate such as a rock or tree branch.

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Fructicose

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Erect and branched with a bushy appearance.