Physiology: Week 6 (Pulmonary Pt. 1)

Front 1

Respiratory physiology describes how the respiratory system supplies oxygen to the tissues for __________________________ in the process of tissue respiration and how it removes carbon dioxide – the waste product of tissue respiration.

Back 1

the generation of ATP

Front 2

The major physiological processes involved in respiratory physiology are:

Back 2

Regulation of pulmonary ventilation

and

Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood to and from the peripheral tissues

Front 3

the mechanisms involved in controlling the activities of the lungs and chest wall during inspiration and expiration to ensure that the needs of the body for oxygen and carbon dioxide removal are met.

Back 3

Regulation of pulmonary ventilation

Front 4

The physical and chemical principles involved in the transport

Back 4

Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood to and from the peripheral tissues

Front 5

the process of getting air in and out of the lungs. It is the first stage of air supply to the tissues and the last stage in air removal from the tissues.

Back 5

Pulmonary ventilation

Front 6

First stage of air supply to the tissues?

Back 6

Pulmonary ventilation

Front 7

Last stage in air removal from the tissues?

Back 7

Pulmonary ventilation

Front 8

What structures are involved in ventilation?

Back 8

The lung and chest wall

Front 9

5 major points related to pulmonary structures that have an important bearing on the function of the chest walls and the lungs

Back 9

Nasal Cavity

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Primary bronchi

Front 10

Breathing movements of the chest wall are directly brought about by

Back 10

the contraction and relaxation of the respiratory muscles

Front 11

What kind of muscle are respiratory muscles?

Back 11

Skeletal muscle

Front 12

Respiratory muscles (skeletal muscle) contraction can only be brought about by?

Back 12

Their contraction can only be brought about by nervous stimulation

Front 13

Muscles for normal resting INSPIRATION?

Back 13

External intercostal muscles & the Diaphragm

Front 14

Muscles for FORCED inspiration?

Back 14

Accessory Inspiratory muscles: Scalenes & Sternocleidomastoid

Front 15

How many Accessory Inspiratory muscles are there? Name them:

Back 15

2; Scalenes and Sternocleidomastoid

Front 16

Muscles for forced EXPIRATION?

Back 16

Internal Intercostals, Transverse Thoracic Muscles, and Accessory Expiratory Muscles (Ext oblique, Int Oblique, Transverse Abdominis, and Rectus Abdominis).

Front 17

How many Accessory Expiratory muscles are there? Name them:

Back 17

4; External Obliques

Internal Obliques

Transversus Abdominis

Rectus Abdominis

Front 18

Which muscles play a role in normal expiration?

Back 18

None

Front 19

What is normal expiration caused by?

Back 19

result of recoil of lungs at end of inspiration

Front 20

Name ALL 10 Muscles involved in expiration and inspiration:

Back 20

1) External Intercostal Muscles

2) Diaphragm

3) Acc Insp Muscle: Scalenes

4) Acc Insp Muscle: Sternocleidomastoid

5) Internal Intercostal Muscles

6) Transverse Thoracic Muscles

7) Acc Exp Muscle: External oblique

8) Acc Exp Muscle: Internal oblique

9) Acc Exp Muscle: Transversus Abdominis

10) Acc Exp Muscle: Rectus Abdominis

Front 21

Where does nervous stimulation originate?

Back 21

in the brainstem

Front 22

Nervous stimulation reaches the respiratory muscles via?

Back 22

motor nerves supplying them

Front 23

The diaphragm receives a respiratory signal from which nerve?

Back 23

the phrenic nerve

Front 24

The external intercostals receive a respiratory signal from which nerve?

Back 24

the spinal motor nerve.

Front 25

The phrenic and spinal motor nerves receive excitations from neurons of?

Back 25

neurons of the respiratory center located in the brainstem

Front 26

The respiratory center in the brainstem is made up of: (4)

Back 26

1) the inspiratory center in the medulla

2) the pneumotaxic center

3) the expiratory center and

4) the apneustic center.

Front 27

Which part of the respiratory center...is active at rest and is the main control center for breathing?

Back 27

1) the inspiratory center in the medulla

Front 28

Which part of the respiratory center... smoothes out the breathing cycle?

Back 28

2) the pneumotaxic center

Front 29

Which part of the respiratory center...increases the depth of breath?

Back 29

4) the apneustic center

Front 30

Which are of the respiratory center...inhibits apneustic and inspiratory neurons?

Back 30

The pneumotaxic area

Front 31

TQ: Vomiting can cause loss of blood H+ and depressed breathing. T or F

Back 31

True

Front 32

TQ: Impulses for voluntary control of the respiratory center originate from: a. vagus nerve b. pons c. medulla

d. cerebral cortex

Back 32

d. cerebral cortex

Front 33

TQ: All of the below are involved in the quiet breathing process EXCEPT:

a. Activity in the neuronal centers of the medulla send impulses to chest wall and diaphragm

b. The chest actively presses the air out of the lungs through skeletal muscle contraction

c. Basic rhythm of involuntary inspiration followed by expiration is established by the medulla

d. Expiration occurs upon the termination of excitation of the inspiratory breathing muscles

Back 33

b. The chest actively presses the air out of the lungs through skeletal muscle contraction

Front 34

TQ: When the apnuestic center is activated it directly stimulates the pneumotaxic center while inhibiting the inspiratory center. T or F

Back 34

False

Front 35

What forces drive ventilation of the lungs?

Back 35

The partial pressure gradient or difference of gases [oxygen and carbon dioxide] between the atmosphere [P atm] and the lungs [P lungs]

Front 36

What is the partial pressure gradient?

Back 36

the difference in gas pressures between alveolar space and atmosphere

Front 37

Why must gas pressure gradient be established between the lungs and the atmosphere?

Back 37

for air movement to take place between the two areas

Front 38

What is responsible for inducing the changes in intra-alveolar pressures in inspiration and expiration?

Back 38

The movement of the chest walls and / or diaphragm in specific directions made possible by the contraction and relaxation of the respiratory muscles.

In inspiration:The movement of the chest walls and diaphragm is an active and energy requiring process and brought about by the contraction of the external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm (regarded as the inspiratory muscles active in quiet breathing). Other accessory inspiratory muscles will play a role when the need for increased respiratory effort is required as in exercise and some diseases of the lung.

the activity of these muscles is completely controlled by the electrical activity in the intercostal and phrenic nerves respectively. These nerves receive their messages from the respiratory centers located in the brainstem.

Front 39

What is responsible for inducing the changes in intra-alveolar pressures in inspiration and expiration?

Back 39

The movement of the chest walls and / or diaphragm in specific directions made possible by the contraction and relaxation of the respiratory muscles.

Quiet expiration is brought about by passive movement of the chest walls and diaphragm in response to the relaxation of the inspiratory muscles. However, during exercise when there is need for increased expiration, then expiratory muscles are stimulated by the internal intercostal nerves which receive their input from the expiratory center in the medulla of the brainstem.

Front 40

dynamics of the lung and chest wall interaction that brings about inspiration and expiration: 1. At rest – without air movement

Back 40

Chest-wall is compressed, has tendency to expand (spring out)Lungs expanded, has tendency to deflateBoth action → ↑ in volume of pleural space → generation of –ve intrapleural pressure -4 mmHg less than atmospheric. This creates a difference of pressure across the wall of the lungs called transmural or transpulmonic pressure. This is the pressure gradient that expands the lungs.

Front 41

the dynamics of the lung and chest wall interaction that brings about inspiration and expiration 2. During inspiration:

Back 41

Activity of the inspiratory muscles and diaphragm causes the chest walls to lift up and out → expansion of the chest walls and increase in the volume of intrapleural space (cavity) →↓ intrapleural pressure to more negative value (754 mmHg or – 6 mmHg) [depending on the inspiratory effort pressure can reach –12 to –18 cm H2O at the end of deep inspiration] →Creates a pressure gradient between the intrapleural space and the intra-alveolar space. This gas pressure gradient is called the transmural (transpulmonic ) pressure.

Front 42

What makes up the ability to recoil (for expiration)?

Back 42

Elastic properties of the lung and chest wall. The elastic properties comprise 1/3 recoil tendency for lung. There are many elastic fibers throughout lung tissue. Once stretched by lung inflation the tendency is then to shorten. It is the attempt to shorten that brings about the recoil which is very essential for expiration.Surface tension of fluid lining alveoli. This force tends to deflate the alveoli and comprise 2/3 of recoil tendency. This effect in the normal lungs is minimized by presence of surfactant which tends to decrease ST effects. The surfactant is distributed such that as alveoli becomes smaller the greater the amount of surfactant along the inner surface. This mechanism helps prevent collapse of smaller alveoli into large ones.Surfactant is a detergent-like material that coats the inner surface of the alveoli. It is a complex mixture of liquids and protein phopholipids (phosphatidycholine) secreted by special epithelial cells lining alveoli [type II alveolar cells] (read p. 434-43, 489, 960 Guyton and Hall on surfactant, surface tension and collapse of the lungs).Premature neonates born with insufficient amounts of surfactant are not able to inflate lungs. This condition is known as hyaline membrane disease or respiratory distress syndrome.