Physiology Midterm

Front 1

pH of blood

Back 1

7.38-7.42
Alkydosis/acidosis

Front 2

1.Total water volume in the body

2. Extracellular water volume

Back 2

1. 600ml/kg (60%)

2. 270ml/kg

Front 3

How to calculate volumes in the human body?

Back 3

Total volume: Dilution method

Extracellular: markers that cannot pass through membranes (saccharose, inulin)

Plasma: Evans blue

Front 4

Spesific gravity of blood

Back 4

1.045-1.065

Front 5

Blood viscosity

Back 5

4.5-5.5 (in reference to water=1)

Front 6

Hematocrit definition

Back 6

percentage of RBC given per blood volume

- 44% = homeostatic

Anemia/polycythemia

Front 7

What does blood plasma contain?

Back 7

Water and inorganic+organic solutes.

- Proteins, metabolites, hormones, antibodies

- Ions (Na+, Cl-, HCO3-)

Front 8

Plasma proteins

Back 8

Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

Front 9

Function of fibrinogen

Back 9

Plasma protein that provides framework for blood cloths

Front 10

Albumin function

Back 10

Plasma protein, the most abundant.
Transport, pressure, blood flow, fluid balance, main protein reserve

Front 11

What is (blood) serum?

Back 11

Plasma without fibrinogen

Front 12

Erythropoesis

Back 12

Formation of RBC in bone marrow.

Front 13

Amount of RBC per microliter

Back 13

Male: 4-5 million

Female: 3.5-4 million

Front 14

Hemoglobin concentrations

Back 14

Male: 140-180g/L

Female: 120-160g/L

Front 15

Cyanosis

Back 15

Blue color of blood because of concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin over 5g/100mL blood

Front 16

Erythropoetin

Back 16

Protein from kidney that stimulates maturation and proliferation of RBC

Front 17

Lifespan of platelets

Back 17

Originates from megakaryocytes.

9-12 days in blood plasma.

Phagocytosed by macrophages in the spleen.

Front 18

Platelet number

Back 18

215.000 /microliter
(Too low: thrombocytopenia)

Front 19

Content of platelets

Back 19

- Actin

- Myosin

- Glycogen

- Lysosomes

- Dense granules

- Alpha granules (clotting factors)

Front 20

Function of platelets

Back 20

Hemostasis: prevent blood loss from damaged vessels

Front 21

Phases of hemostasis

Back 21

PHASE 2: Platelet phase

PHASE 1: Vascular phase

PHASE 3: Coagulation phase

Front 22

Transport of iron in the bloodstream

Back 22

As Fe3+, bound to apotransferrin

Front 23

What gives the different blood types?

Back 23

Antigens on the surface of RBCs (antiglutinoges).

Antibodies present in the plasma (antiglutinins).

Front 24

Are blood types inherited?

Back 24

Antigens are inherited.

Antibodies develop after birth.

Front 25

Describe the AB0 blood system

Back 25

Antigens: A or B

Antibodies in plasma: Anti-A or Anti-B

Blood type A: A-antigen and B-antibody

Blood type B: B-antigen and A antibody

Blood type AB: Both antigens but no antibody

Blood type 0: No antigens, no antibody.

Front 26

What is the Rhesus system?

Back 26

8 antigens are present, and D occurs in most humans (Rh+). If a person who is Rh- recieves Rh+, there will be a reaction the second time. (Think pregnancy)

Front 27

Innate immunity

Back 27

Fast, non-spesific immune reaction.

- Anatomical barriers

- Leukocytes (humoral, cellular)

- Mechanical removal

Front 28

Adaptive immunity

Back 28

Spesific, slower immune reaction.

Based on production of antibodies.

A- humoral immunity

B- celllular immunity

Front 29

Immunoglobulins

Back 29

Antibodies produced by plasma cells.

2 heavy chains, 2 light chains, S-S bonds.

Front 30

Frank-Starling law

Back 30

Regulation of stroke volume in the heart.

"as a larger volume of blood flows into the ventricle, the blood will stretch the walls of the heart, causing a greater expansion during diastole, which in turn increases the force of the contraction and thus the quantity of blood that is pumped into the aorta during systole."

Front 31

What is preload (heart)

Back 31

The end-diastolic volume.

Front 32

What is afterload (heart)?

Back 32

The pressure in the aorta. If it increases, the stroke volume will be reduced.

Front 33

Sinoatrial node (SA)

Back 33

-Main pacemaker of the heart

Front 34

Internodal pathways (SA and AV-node)

Back 34

The atrioventricular node recieves impulses from the SA-node by 3 tracts:

- Ant. internodal tract of Bachmann

- Middle internodal tract of Weckenbach

- Posterior internodal tract of Thorel

(AV-node delay!)

Front 35

What is Purkinje fibers?

Back 35

A fiber system located on the inner ventricular walls of the heart; special myocardial fibers that conducts electricity.

Front 36

Bundle of His:

Back 36

From AV-node.

Branches:

- Left branch at interventricular septum

- Right bundle branch

- Ant+post. fascicles

- Connects to Purkinje system

Front 37

Depolarization-repolarization cycle

Back 37

1. Prepotential is built up (K+)

2. Opening of calcium channels, second part of prepotential is built up. (Treshold level reached)

3. Opening of long-lasting Ca-channels; action potential produced

4. At the peak of impulse, K+ channels open, repolarization

5. Depolarization begins again

Front 38

Stimulation of nodal potentials:

Back 38

- Noradrenaline (acting on B-1 receptors)

- Temperature, stress, physical exercise

Front 39

Inhibition of nodal potentials:

Back 39

- Acetylcholine

Front 40

Resting membrane potential for ventricles

Back 40

-90mV

Front 41

Refractory period in the heart

Back 41

Action potential of myocardium

Front 42

End-diastolic volume:

Back 42

120 mL

Front 43

P wave shows

Back 43

electrical activation of atria (atrial systole)

Front 44

End-systolic volume

Back 44

40-50 mL

Front 45

T-wave shows

Back 45

repolarization of ventricles

Front 46

Diastasis/reduced ventricular filling

Back 46

Longest phase of the cardiac cycle.

Together with the rapid filling: about 500ms

Front 47

What does the ECG record and provide information about?

Back 47

Records potential fluctations during cardiac cycle.

Provides information about heart position/rythm/size and impulse orgins etc

Front 48

P wave shows...

Back 48

atrial depolarization

Front 49

QRS complex shows...

Back 49

ventricular depolarization

Front 50

ST segment shows...

Back 50

ventricular repolarization

Front 51

T wave shows...

Back 51

ventricular repolarization

Front 52

QT interval shows...

Back 52

overall time required for repol./depol of the ventricles

Front 53

PQ interval shows...

Back 53

time between atrial and ventricular depolarization. Should be 0.12-0.16s.

Front 54

What are the auscultation points in phonocardiography?

Back 54

1. Aortic valve: 2nd intercostal space (ICS), Right

2. Pulmonary valve: 2nd ICS, left

3. Tricuspid valve: 5th ICS, right

4. Bicuspid valve: 5th ICS, left midclavicular line

Front 55

Whats the lub and dub heart sounds?

Back 55

Lub: cuspidal valves closing at beginning of ventricular systole

Dub: closure of semilunar valves after ventricular systole. 0.15s at 25-45 Hz.

Front 56

Cardiac output, CO

Back 56

The amount of blood the heart pumps out in a certain time. 5.5L/min average

Front 57

Stroke Volume, SV

Back 57

The volume of blood pumped out of the ventricles during one cardiac cycle. SV=EDV-ESV

Front 58

Ejection fraction, EF (in percent)

Back 58

The fraction of the end-diastolic volume EDV ejected in each stroke volume. 55-60%

Front 59

Normal values for cardiac output:

Back 59

CO=5.5 L/min

SV= 70mL

ESV= 50mL

EDV=120mL