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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Macromolecules being digested
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nucleic acids
lipids proteins sugars/carbohydrates (Polysaccharides) |
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Main type of propulsion of food
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peristalsis (circular and longitudinal)
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Mouth: Mechanical Digestion
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Chewing with teeth/tongue.
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Mouth: Chemical Digestion
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Digestion of polysaccharides via salivary amylase.
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Stomach: HCl
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solublization of good particles.
Kills bacteria Activates pepsinogens to pepsin |
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Stomach: Pepsin
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Protein-digesting enzymes
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Pancreatic Enzymes
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Digest:
Carbs fats proteins and nucelic acids |
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Pancreatic Bicarbonate
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Neutralizes HCl entering intestine from stomach
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Liver: Bile salts
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Solublize water-insoluable-fats
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Liver: Bicarbonate
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Neutralizes HCl entering the intestine from the stomach.
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Liver: Organic waste
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Eliminated in feces
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GallBladder function
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Stores and concentrates bile between meals
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Small Intestine: Chemical Digestion
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Brush-boarder enzymes aid in chemical digestion within the intestine.
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Small Intestine: Salt/water
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Maintain fluidity within the lumen
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Small Intestine Function
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Absorb nutrients and continue chemical digestion, and mechanical digestion (segmentation).
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Large Intestine Function
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Store and concentrate undigested matter, absorb salt/water, mixes and propels contents, leads to defecation via the anus.
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Alimentary Digestive Organs
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Mouth
Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Anus |
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Accessory Digestive Organs
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Teeth/Tongue
Salivary Glands Liver Pancreas Gallbladder |
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Alimentary Nerve Plexus
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Autonomic nervous system:
Submucosal Myenteric |
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Organ Blood Supply: 3 main sites
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Hepatic artery
Splenic artery Left gastric artery |
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Hepatic portal circulation
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-collects nutrient rich blood from the digestive vierca
-delivers said blood to the liver for metabolic processing |
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4 Tunics of the Alimentary Canal
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Mucosa (innermost)
Submucosa Muscularis externa Serosa (outermost) |
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Parts of the Mucosa
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-it is surface epithelium within the lumen
-contains the lamina propia -is a muscle layer |
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Parts of submucosa
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-contains submucosal glands
-contains blood and lymph vessels |
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Parts of Muscularis externa
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-Longitudinal and circulatory muscles
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Elements allowing the mouth to withstand abrasions
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-gums/hard palate/dorsum of tongue are all keratinized
-lined with mucous membrane |
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Salivary glands (3)
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-Sublingual
-Submandible -Parotid |
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Sublingual Glands
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-Salivary glands located underneath the tongue
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Submandible Glands
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-Salivary lands located in the back lower jaw
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Parotid Glands
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-Up behind ear
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How many deciduous teeth in mammals?
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20 teeth, erupting between the ages of 6 and 24months.
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How many permanent teeth in mammals?
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32 teeth
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4 Classes of teeth
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-incisors
-canines -premolars -molars |
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Molars: Function
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Used for grinding (herbivores)
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Premolars: Function
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Used for grinding (herbivores)
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Canines: Function
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Used for tearing and piercing (carnivores)
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Incisors: Functions
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Used for cutting
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Esophagus: Function
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Conducts food to stomach via peristalsis
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Stomach: Anatomy
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-Cardiac region (connected to esophagus)
-Pylorus region (funnel-shaped terminal end) |
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Muscularis Externa of Muscle
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-Extra layer of muscle to help with the grinding of the food
-Contains circular, longitudinal and oblique muscles. |
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Gastric Pit Cells
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-Mucous neck cells
-Parietal cells -Chief cells -Enteroendocrine cells |
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Mucous neck cells
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Secrete mucous into the lumen
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Parietal Cells
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Secrete HCl into the lumen
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Chief Cells
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Secrete Pepsinogen into the lumen
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Enteroendocrine cells
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Secrete hormones into the blood
-gastrin (+) -histamine (+) -serotonin -CCK -Secretin |
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Stomach Funcation
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-Temporary storage of food
-Chemical breakdown of protein begins via pepsin -Delivers chyme to small intestine |
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Able to stimulate digestive secretions, responding in the anticipation of food (smell, sight).
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Chemo/mechanoreceptors
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Able to stimulate digestive secretions with the actual presence of food.
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Small Intestine: 3 Sections
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-Duodenum, attached to the stomach
-Jejumum, attached anteriorly to the duodenum -Ileum, connects the small intestine to the large intestine. |
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Duodenum
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-Where gastric juices from the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder mix.
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Intestinal Juice
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-Enzyme poor
-Production of juice stimulated by distention of intestine and irritation by acidic chyme entering from the stomach. |
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Liver: Digestive Function
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-Produces and stores bile and bicarbonate
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Hepatocytes in the Liver
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-Form bile, which is released into the canaliculi for transport to the triad
-Store/release glucose -Amino acid production (on demand) for protien synthesis -Detoxification |
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Kupffer's Cells in the Liver
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-Macrophages in liver sinusoids
-Remove bacteria and worn out blood cells -Aid in the Heme-bilirubin conversion |
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Bile composition
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-bile salts
-bile pigments (mostly bilirubin) -phospholipids -electrolytes -cholesterol |
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Bile Function
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Emulsifies fats, by physically breaking larger fat globules into smaller ones.
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Pancreatic Amylase
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Involved in carbohydrate
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Lipase
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Involved in lipid breakdown
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Trypsin/Chymotrypsin/Carboxypeptidase
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Involved in protein breakdown
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Ribonuclease/deoxyribonuclease
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Nucleic acid breakdown
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CCK (Hormone)
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Stimulates pancreatic secretions, and gallbladder contractions.
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Secretin
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Stimulates liver bile production (liver), and pancreatic bicarbonate production.
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