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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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where are the posterior pituitary hormones synthesized?
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hypothal
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the posterior pituitary hormones are enclosed in small vesicels and transported along _____ and _____ axons and accumlate in axon terminal i the posterior pituitary
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supraoptic and paraventricular axons
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_____ ______ trigger the release of posterior pituitary homrones which then enter capillaries and return to the heart
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action potentials
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what are two posterior pituitary homrones
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oxytocin
vasopressin |
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definition. stimulates smooth msucle contractiosn in the breats and stimulates contraction of uterine smooth muscle during labo
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oxytocin
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definition. stimulates contraction of smooth muscle around blood vessels causing increase in blood pressue and acts on kideny to decrease water excretiion ii the urine leadeing to water retention
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vasopressin
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ADH =
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vasopressin or water retention
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definition. hypothalamic hormones that regulate anterior pituitary function
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hypophysiotropic hormones
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what are the six clasical hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary (all peptides)
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FLATPG
FSH LH ACTH TSH Prolactin GH |
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GH TSH prolactgin and ACTH are each secreted by a distinct cell type in the ____ _____
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anterior pituitary
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gonadotropic hormones are secreted by the ____ cells
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same
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hypophsiotropic hormones are delivered to the anterior pituitary gland via the _____-______ _____ _____
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hypothalamic pituitary portal vessels
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upon arrival, the releasing hormones bind to receptors on the pituitary cells to evoke secretion of the _____ ______ ____
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anterior pituitary hormones
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know the hormone summary slide
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fuck
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in dual negative feedback what does the negative feedback act on
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hypothal
anterior pituitary |
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long loop pathways start at the ____ hormone and act on the hypothal or pituitary
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third
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what is an example of neural congtrol of hypophysiotropic hormones
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CRH ACTH cortisol sequence
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definition. exerted by the anterior pituitary homrone on the hypothal
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short loops feedback
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definiition. extered by the thrid hormone in the squence on the hypothal and or the anterior pituitary
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long loop feedback
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True or false. TH receptors are present in the nuclei of most cell in the body affecting many organs and tissues
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true
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How do T4 or T3 change cell behavior
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inducing gene transcription and protein synthesis
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what are the three actions of T3 and T4
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metabolic actions
permissive actions growth and developmen |
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what do metabolic actions of t3 and T4 include
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stimulate carb absorption from the small intestine
increase fatty a release from adipocytes provide energy to matintain metabloic rate stimulus of NaK atpases |
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what do the permissive actions of T3 and T4 include
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permissive effects on catecholamines upregulates beta adrenergic receptors in many tissues most notably the heart and nervous system
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this part of T3 and T4... normal production of GH and most important devleopmental hormones for the nervous system
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growth development
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definition. an environemtnal change that msut be adapted to if healtha dn life are to be maintained
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stress
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stress causes the secretion of _____
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glucocorticoid hormonal CORTISOL
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how does the hypothal communicate with the anterior pituitary
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hypothamopituitary portal vessels
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how does the anterior pituitary communicate with the adrenal cortex
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ciruclation
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what does the hypothal make in a stress response
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CRH
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what does the anterior pituitary make in a stress response
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ACTH vasopressin
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what does the adrenal cortex make in a stress response
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cortisol
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permissive actions on epi and NE regulation of muscle cells surrounding blood vessels and maintainence of blood pressure is a function of _____
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cortisol
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what are five functions of cortisol
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inhibit the production of leudotrienes and prostaglandins so antinflamm
reduce capillary permeability in injured tissues suppresses the growth and function of certain immune cells like in autoimmun related damage permissive actions on epi and NE regulation of msucle cells surrounding blood vessles (bp) |
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in table 11-3 what are the five functions of cortisol during stress
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metabolism
vascular reacitivy protection against damaging influence of stress inhibition of inflammation in immune response inhibition of nonessential functions like growth and reproduction |
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what are four other examples of other stress hormones
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aldosterone
vasopressin GH beta endorphin |
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definition. stress hormones that acts to retain water and dsodium
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aldosterone
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stimulate secretion of ACTH causing release of cortisol
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vasopressin or ADH
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definition. stress hormone that acts to mobilize enrgy stories
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GH
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definition. stress hormone iwth potential pain killing effects
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beta endorphin
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what are the six reasons that the sympathetic NS is fight or flight
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1.) increased heptaic and muscle glycogenolysis
2.) increased breakdown of adipose tissue triglyceride 3.) decreased fatigue of skeletal msucle 4.) increased cardiac function\ 5.) divergion of blood from viscera to skeletal muscles by means of vasoconstriction and vasodilation 6.) increased lung ventilation by stimulating brain breathign centers and dilating airways |
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calcium homeosgtasis depends on an interplay among ______ , ______, and the ____ ___
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bone kidney and GI tract
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what percent of calcium is stored in the bone
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99%
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definition. a special connective tissue consisting of cells surrounded by a collagen matrix called the osteoid
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bone
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the osteoid holds and deposited minerals particularly the crystals of calcium and phophate known as ________
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hydroxyapatite
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what are the three types of bone cells
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osteoblast
osteocyte osteoclast |
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definition. osteoblasts that have become surrounded by calcified matrix. have long cytoplasmic processes extending throughout the bone
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osteocytes
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definitoin. large multinucleated cells that break down and resorb bone by secreting hydorgen ions which dissovle the crystal and hydrolytic enzymes which digest the osteoid
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osteoclasts
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what are the hormones that favor bone formation and increased bone mass
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insulin
GH IGF1 estrogen \testosterone calcitonin |
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what are the hormones that favor increased b one resorption and decreased bone mass
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parathyroid hormone
cortisol T4 and T3 |
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what are the two major hormones that regulate plasma calcium concentration
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parathyroid hormones and 1,25(OH),D which is a dihydroxyviatmin D
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definition. peptide hormone secreted by the islets of langerhans
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insulin
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what are the islets of langerhans
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clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas
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what do the islets of langerhans make
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insulin
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what cells secrete insulin
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beta
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what cells secrete glucagon
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alpha cells
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what cell secrete somatostatin
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delta cells
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what is the most important controller of organic metabolism
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insulin
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insulin levels rise or fall during the absorptive state
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rise
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definition. period during which ingested nutrients enter the blood from the GI tract
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absorptive state
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insulin levels rise or decline during the postabsorptive state
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decline. this is the period when the GI tract is empty of nutrients and the body's own stores must supply energy
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how can we take up glucose into the cell
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facilitated diffusion of glucose
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