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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the formula relation flow pressure diff and resistance
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F = change in P/R
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what are the three determinants of resistance?
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viscosity
length diameter |
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what is the most important determinant of flow
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radius
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as the hematocrit increases (for example due to _____) ____ of the blodo increases as well as resistance to _____
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dehydration
viscosity resistance to flow |
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describe ANS
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symp epi and NE to beta adrenergic in the atria and ventricles via thoracic spinal nerves
parasymp ach to muscarinic via vagus |
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the depolarizing phase of the ventircular action potential is due mainly to a ____ feedback increase in ____ permeability cause by _ (type) of voltage gated channels
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positive
sodium T for transient |
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true or false. SA cells have NO stable resting membrane potential
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TRUE
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definition. the SA node's slow depolarizaiton
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pacemaker potential
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what is the most important ion permeability for the pacemake potential
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sodium
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where is the av node
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right atrium
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what does the T wave correspond to
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ventricular repolarization
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check out number 8 in the physio review
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eek!
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what prevents the heart from undergoing summation of contractions?
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long refractory period due to calcium
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is the pulmonary system a low or high pressure system
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low
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what four things can cause murmurs during systole
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stenotic (narrowed) valve
backward blood flow insufficial (leaky) valve ohw in the atrial wall |
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what can cause murmurs during diastole
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stenotic AV valve
insufficial pulmonary or aotric valve |
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what is the formula for cardiac output
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CO = HR x SV
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what does symp stimualtion do
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increase slope of pacemaker potential
SA reaches threshold more rapidly HR increases |
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what does parasymp stimulation do
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hyperpolarizes so SA is slower
lowers HR |
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what are teh three factors influencing force of contraction
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EDV
symp innervation afterload |
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definiton. the arterial pressures against which the ventricles pump
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afterload
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increased stroke volume leads to incr. or decr. in venous return
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increase
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what does symp do
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increases contractility
inreases SA node HR increases AV node conduction rate |
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what does parasymp do
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slows conduction rate AV
decreases contractility SA node slows HR |
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what are the two funcitons of the arteries?
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low ressitance conduits
pressure reservoirs for maintaining blood flow to the tissues during ventricular relaxation |
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what is the average pulse pressure
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100
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what are the two major factors that determine pulsee pressure?
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stroke volume
speed of ejection |
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what are the major sites of resistance int he systemic vascular system
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arterioles
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whata re the two funcitons of the arterioles
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determing relative blood flow
determining mean arterial pressure |
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what is the ONLY ANS innervatio f the arterioles
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symp
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what are four hormones that cause vasodilation or constriction
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epi
angio II vasopressin arial natriuretic facto |
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definiton. binds to alpha adrenergic receptors and beta that cause VASODILATION
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epi
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does epi cause
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vasodilation
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what does angio II do
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contricts arterioles
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what does vasopressin do
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vasconstriction
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what does atrial natriurtic factor do
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vasodilator
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velocity declines as ____ declines
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diameter
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finish the cario system
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18
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where is the max velocity of flow
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aorta
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what is the only solute to have a significant conc difference across the capillary wall
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large proteins
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the greater the venous return the great the _____ _____
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cardiac output
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are veins or arteries more compliant and why
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veins they are much thinner and can take in more blood with less pressure
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what three factors influenced venous pressure
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symp stimulation
skeletal muscle contractoin respiratory pump |
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the receptors are teh arterial _____ found in the ____ ____ and the ____ ____
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baroreceptors
carotid sinuses aotric arch |
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the integrating center of the afferent pathway is the _____
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medulla
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efferent pathways are thos leading to and including the _____ neurons to the heart, primarily the ____ node) and thos symp neurons to the heart arteriole sna d veins
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parasymp (vagus)
SA |
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when baroreceptors are fired the symp activity is ____ and the parasymp is ____
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inhibited
stimulated |
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what does the decrease in baroreceptor firing represent?
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decrease in arterial bp
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what is average RBCs in liters
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2.5
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what is average plasma volume
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3.0 L
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which si the most abundant class of plasma protein
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albumins
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which solute is foudn in the highest concentration in plasma
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sodium ion
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where are RBCs produced
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bone marrow
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where are RBCS destroyed
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spleena nd liver
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plruipotenet stem cells lead to
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lymphoid and myeloid
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lymphoid leads to
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lymphocyte
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myeloid cell leads to
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BRENMM
basophil RBC eosinonphile neutrophil megakaryocyte (to platelets) monocyte |
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prothombin leads to ____ which breaks down _____ into _____
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thrombin
fibrinogen loose fibrin |
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why are platelets important in clotting?
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they are where clotting cascade occurs and reinforces the clot
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what comes first XIII or XIIIa
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XIIII turns into a
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list all the procoagulant effects of thrombin
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catalyze reactions from fibrinogen to fibrin
catalyze XIIIa positive feeback |
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what turns plasminogen into plasmin
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plasminogen activators
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how does fibrin help initiate the fibrinolytic system?
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during clotting, plasminogen binds to fibrin in the clot. this increases the ability of tissue plasminogen activator to catalyze the genreatio of plasmin from plasminogen
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