Physiology Exam 2 Lecture 12

Front 1

which division of the nervous system is the sensory system

Back 1

affernt division of the PNS

Front 2

define sensation

Back 2

conscious awareness of a stimulus

Front 3

what are the two types of sensory receptros

Back 3

specialzied ending of efferent neurons
separate sensory cells that signal to afferent neurons

Front 4

what is it called when the sensation travels to the CNS

Back 4

sensory transduction

Front 5

what senses mechanical stimuli

Back 5

mechanoreceptors

Front 6

what are the five types of receptors

Back 6

mechano
thermo
photo
chemo
noci

Front 7

definition. the decrease in receptor sensitivity despite a stiulus of constant strength

Back 7

adaptation

Front 8

definition. a single afferent neuron with all tis receptor endings

Back 8

sensory unit

Front 9

definition. another term for stimulus type ie heat cold sound etc

Back 9

modality

Front 10

true or false. all the receptors of a single afferent neurons are preferentially sensitive to the same type of stimulus

Back 10

true

Front 11

can adjacent sensory units be sensitive to different stimuli?

Back 11

yes

Front 12

in what two ways do we distinguish a strong stimulus froma weak one

Back 12

increase the freq of action potentials in a single afferent neuron
recruitment

Front 13

definition. activation of adjacent receptors on other afferent neurons

Back 13

recruitment

Front 14

what are labeled lines

Back 14

coded by the fact that action potential from each receptor travel along specific pathwa6s to a specific region of the CNS associated only withathat particutlar modality and body location

Front 15

definiton. sharpness or keenness of location perception

Back 15

acuity

Front 16

what does acuity depend on

Back 16

the convergence of the neuronal input in the specific ascending pathways

Front 17

greater convergence leads to less or more acuity

Back 17

less

Front 18

what are three factors that affect coding stimulus location

Back 18

size oft he receptive field by a single sensory unit
density of sensory units
amount of overlap in nearby receptive fields

Front 19

afferent neurons respond with little or great intensity to stimuli applied to the CNTer of its receptive field

Back 19

GREAT-- dependent of stimulus strength

Front 20

what is lateral inhibition

Back 20

the most important mechanism enabling the localization of a stimulsu site

Front 21

what enhances the contrast between the center and the periphery of a stimulated region

Back 21

lateral inhibition

Front 22

why is lateral inhibition important

Back 22

it uses inhibitory interneurons to enhance the contrast between the center and periphery of a stimulated region

Front 23

examples of higher brain cetners taht control afferent information via descending pathways are the ____ _____ and the ____ ____

Back 23

reticular formation
cerebral cortex

Front 24

definition. pathways in the spinal cord adn brain that carry info about single types of stimuli

Back 24

sepcific ascendign pathways

Front 25

where do the sepcific ascending pathways have to pass through

Back 25

the brainstem to the thalamus (relay) and finally to specific sensory areas in the cerebral cortex

Front 26

definition. receptors that send sensory info to the somatosensory cortex

Back 26

somatic receptors

Front 27

definition. regions of the cerebral cortex that receive input from various snesory types, memroy stores, and so on, and perform futher perceptual processing

Back 27

cortical association areas

Front 28

what re the three major chemical classes of hormones

Back 28

amines
peptides and proteins
steroids

Front 29

name the derivatives of tyrosine

Back 29

T4
T3
NE
Epi
dopamine

Front 30

what is the largest class of hormones

Back 30

peptide and protein hormones

Front 31

what are the steps of synthesis of peptide and protein hormones

Back 31

preprohormones on ribosomes
cleavage to prohormones by proteolytic enzymes in the rough ER
packaging or prohormones into secretory vesicles by the golgi apparatus and maturation to active hormone

Front 32

what are lipid molecules with specific ring structre taht are primarily produced by the adrenal cortex and gonads and are derived from cholesterol

Back 32

steroid hormones

Front 33

are peptides and catecholamines slow of fast metabolizing hormones

Back 33

fast minutes

Front 34

homone's concetnration in blood depends on what two things

Back 34

rate of secretion by endocrine gland
rate of clearance by excretion or metabolic transormation

Front 35

____ and ____ are the major organs taht excrete or metabolize hormones

Back 35

liver and kidneys

Front 36

homronal metabolis also carried otu by ____ in the ____

Back 36

enzymes in the blood

Front 37

definition. the facilitation of the action of one hormone by anotehr

Back 37

permissvieness

Front 38

what are three things taht can contribute to an endocrine cell toalter the rate of hormone secretion

Back 38

ions or nutrients
neurotrans
hormones

Front 39

definition. a hormone that stimulates the secretion of another hormone

Back 39

tropic hormone

Front 40

what is an example of inputs that control homrone secretion

Back 40

plasma glucose regulates insulin release

Front 41

in the ANS what are the target effectors

Back 41

adrenal medulla to epi
endocrine gland to homrone

Front 42

what is the effector of the hypothal

Back 42

atnerior pitutiary and posterior pituitary both which secrete hormones