Physiology Chapters 1-3

Front 1

Define homeostasis

Back 1

the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment in the face of continuous change.

Front 2

Major function of any physiological system is?

Back 2

to maintain homeostasis.

Front 3

When fluid intake rises you need to? when salt intake rises you need to ?

Back 3

get ride of water, get rid of salt.

Front 4

What dynamic equilibrium must be controlled the most homeostatically?

Back 4

the acid/ base relationship

Front 5

how does the body sense and respond to changes in organ systems?

Back 5

intrinisic and extrinsic regulation

Front 6

Autoregulation:

Back 6

intrinsic regulation, cell or organ adjusts to changes in immediate vicinity.
example: hypoxia causes compensatory changes in blood flow and release of chemical mediator to increase oxygen in tissue, vasodilation
example 2: cut in blood vessel, there is a chemical released that causes vasoconstriction, platelets and blood clotting.

Front 7

Extrinsic regulation

Back 7

includes the involvement of several systems.
example: during exercise, changes in heart rate, blood flow
example 2: sense noxious or harmful stimuli- system controlled by CNS to avoid danger.

Front 8

Homeostatic feedback loop

Back 8

stimulus-receptor-control center-effector-response

Front 9

to maintain fluid homeostasis, the body moves ____ and water flows passively

Back 9

osmolytes

Front 10

when measuring osmolarity, you are measuring the number of ?

Back 10

particles, neither size nor charge matter.

Front 11

Electrolytes are osmolytes, but not all ____ are ______

Back 11

not all osmolytes are electrolytes

Front 12

Electrolytes :

Back 12

are compounds that dissociate in aqueous solution to form charged compounds, they are what the body transports from 1 place to another to balance fluid.

Front 13

homeostatic control of body fluid resides mainly in the ?

Back 13

kidney

Front 14

what is one of the strongest sensations of mammals?

Back 14

thirst.

Front 15

ADH

Back 15

causes kidnneys to retain water, it causes thirst sensation.

Front 16

normal blood pH range

Back 16

7.35 to 7.45

Front 17

increase in normal blood pH=

Back 17

alkalemia

Front 18

decrease in normal blood pH =

Back 18

academia

Front 19

explain why when 1mL of 10mM of HCL is placed in 10mL of water pH goes from 7 to 3, but when the same amount is placed into 10mL of blood it goes from 7.4 to 7?

Back 19

blood acts as a buffering system

Front 20

Describe cell membrane:

Back 20

Dynamic, serves as a barrier, regulates exchange with environment and monitors environment, structural support, contains lipids, carbs and functional protein.

Front 21

Phospholipid bilayer:

Back 21

contains hydorphilic phosphate heads and hydrophobic fatty acid tails, serves as barrier to ions and water soluble compounds, permeable to lipids and other organic compounds( steroid hormones go straight through)

Front 22

The membrane proteins of the cell:

Back 22

integral/transmembrane proteins (within membrane), and peripheral proteins (inner or outer surface of the membrane)

Front 23

membrane carbohydrates fuction:

Back 23

make glycocalx which is a sticky sugar coat, lubrication, protection, anchoring and locomotion.

Front 24

cytoskeleton of the cell:

Back 24

structural proteins for shape and strength, microfilaments (thin actin and thick myosin), intermediate filaments (collagen) and microtubules

Front 25

Extra cellular fluid compopsition:

Back 25

low K, high Na, low protein, low carbs, amino acids, lipids

Front 26

Inter cellular fluid/ cytosol composition

Back 26

High K, low Na, high protein, high carbs, amino acids and lipids

Front 27

selective permeability of cell membrane restricts materials base on:

Back 27

size, charge, molecular shape, lipid solubility

Front 28

Mechanistic categories of transport

Back 28

diffusion, carrier-mediated transport (active or passive), vesicular transport (active)

Front 29

isotonic solution:

Back 29

osmolarity equal to reference solution

Front 30

hypotonic solution

Back 30

osmolarity lower than reference solution

Front 31

hypertonic solution

Back 31

higher osmolarity than reference solution

Front 32

molarity =

Back 32

moles of solute/L of solution

Front 33

Osmolarity=

Back 33

# of dissolved particles. (molarity)(number of particles per molecule of solute)/ L of solution.

Front 34

RBC normal osmolarity?

Back 34

300 mOs

Front 35

What are the characteristics of carrier-mediated transport?

Back 35

specificity, saturation (glucose), regulation (like hormones)

Front 36

Facilitated diffusion:

Back 36

no energy needed, carrier mediated, passive, down a concentration gradient
example: glucose transport

Front 37

Active transport:

Back 37

transporting agains a gradient
example Na/K ATPase

Front 38

Secondary active transport:

Back 38

example: Na/glucose co-transporter.
Na concentration gradient drive glucose transport (often against its concentration gradient) and ATP pumps Na back out via the na/k ATPase to reestablish gradient.

Front 39

vesicular transport:

Back 39

active, small membranous sacs used to move molecules. (endocytosis, exocytosis)

Front 40

types of endocytosis

Back 40

receptor-mediated, pinocytosis, phagocytosis

Front 41

What was discovered in reguards to converting normal differentiated adult cells into stem cells?

Back 41

By adding 4 genes it could reverse them back to stem cells.

Front 42

Positive to iPS cells

Back 42

can be made from adult cells without use of egg, can be patient specific, can be grown in culture used to test drugs.

Front 43

Negatives to iPS cells

Back 43

many unknowns (dont know exactly how similar they are to ES) genes currently used to transform cells are introduced using retroviral vectors (causes cancer in humans) and adult cells may be altered by aging (UV rays and toxins)

Front 44

How close until we can use iPS cells?

Back 44

scientist said at least a decade, found a way to introduce 4 genes without viral vectors by adding basic residues to proteins (from HIV research) But this process is not as efficient as viral fectors (.0001 % effective)

Front 45

What will improve the protein process of time frame in generation of iPS cells?

Back 45

It was found that a gene p53 tumor suppressor actually inhibits generation of iPS cells. It was found by deleting this gene, cell populations were able to produce iPS cells. BUT p53 needs to be turned off for iPS generation and back on to suppress tumors from arising.

Front 46

Compair iPS research and gene therapy research from the past.

Back 46

The author stresses that this is a subject matter that takes time and lots of research and should not be rushed into. He mentions the rush of gene therapy that resulted in a test subjects death.

Front 47

Stem cell niche explanation

Back 47

cells miss home and do not grow as well. Human pluripotent SCs create their own nice micro environment by producing niche cells to promote self renewal. mimicking a damaged tissue micro environment may improve stem cell expansion or may increase the preparedness of stem cells to improve regenerative process.

Front 48

signal transduction pathway

Back 48

ligand > receptor > tranduction proteins and intracellular 2nd messenger > effector proteins > physiological response.

Front 49

Common intracellular 2nd messengers:

Back 49

cAMP, CGMP, DAG, IP3, Ca2+, phosphoinosititeds

Front 50

CAMP:

Back 50

intracellular 2nd messenger activates protein kinases A (PKA)

Front 51

cGMP

Back 51

intracellular 2nd messenger activates protein kinase G

Front 52

DAG

Back 52

intracellular 2nd messenger activates protein kinase C

Front 53

IP3

Back 53

intracellular 2nd messenger releases Ca2+ from ER

Front 54

Ca2+

Back 54

can work as an intracellular 2nd messenger

Front 55

phospgoinositides

Back 55

intracellular 2nd messenger activates PDKs

Front 56

GTPase switch proteins:

Back 56

regulatory transduction proteins that bind GTP (active) or GDP (inactive)

Front 57

GAP

Back 57

GTPase switch protein (accelerating) turns signal off

Front 58

GEF

Back 58

GTPase switch protein (guanine nucleotide exchange factor) turns signal on

Front 59

protein kinases:

Back 59

phosphorylate substrates

Front 60

protein phosphatases:

Back 60

dephosphorylate substrates

Front 61

G-alpha subunit

Back 61

GTPase switch protein, usually transduce signal, can be stimulatory or inhibitory

Front 62

PKA

Back 62

downstream target of cAMP, and is an effector protein