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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the seven activities of all living cells
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1. Adaptation
2. Reproduce 3. Growth 4. Organization 5. Metabolism 6. Irritability 7. Contractility |
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What is anabolism?
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Joining small molecules (amino acids) into larger protein molecules to FORM MORE COMPLEX SUBSTANCE
(steroids) |
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What is catabolism?
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Living cells break down substances into SIMPLER SUBSTANCES
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Define Metabolism
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All chemical reactions in the body
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Define Anatomy
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Study of the structure of body parts in relation to others
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What is physiology?
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Study of the function of body parts
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What are the four main tissue types?
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1. Epithelium (glands, skin)
2. Muscles 3. Connective (bones, tendons) 4. Nervous (brain, nerves, spinal cord) |
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What are electrolytes?
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Chemical substances that ionize, dissociate in water, and are capable of conducting electrical current
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What are examples of electrolytes?
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Salts, Acids, and Bases
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What are electrolytes used for in the body?
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Nerve impulse transmission and Muscle Contraction
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What do we call groups of similar cells?
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Tissues
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What do we call groups of different organs?
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Organ System
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Function of integumentary system include:
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1. Protects
2. Synthesizes vitamin D 3. Houses pain receptors, sweat and oil glands |
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Functions of the skeletal system:
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1. Protects/Supports body organs
2. Framework 3. Movement 4. Blood cells formed in bones 5. Bones store minerals |
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Functions of the muscular system:
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1. Maintains posture
2. Produces heat 3. Motion |
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Function of the nervous system:
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1. Respond to internal and external changes
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Function of the endocrine System:
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1. Secrete hormones
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Functions of the cardiovascular system:
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1. Transport blood
2. Heart pumps blood |
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Functions of the lymphatic system:
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1. Picks up leftover fluid from blood vessels
2. Houses white blood cells 3. Immune response |
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Functions of the respiratory system:
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1. Keeps blood oxygenized
2. Removes co2 3. Gas exchange |
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Function of the digestive system:
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1. Break down food
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Functions of the urinary system:
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1. Eliminates wastes
2. Regulates water, electrolytes and acid-bases 3. Balance of blood |
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The function of the male/female reproductive system is to:
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Produce offspring
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What are the four major classes of organic molecules in the cell?
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1. Lipids
2. Proteins 3. Nucleic acids 4. Carbohydrates |
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Carbohydrates are __-__% of cell mass
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1-2%
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What do carbohydrates contain?
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Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
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Proteins are __-__% of cell mass
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10-30%
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What do proteins contain?
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1. Enzymes
2. Hemoglobin 3. Conractile proteins of muscle |
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The largest molecules in the body
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DNA and RNA
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DNA and RNA are:
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Nucleic Acids
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Lipids contain:
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1. Triglycerides
2. Phospholipids 3. Sterioids |
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Where are phospholipids found?
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The plasma membrane
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What are modified triglycerides?
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Phospholipds
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The ability to maintain a stable internal environment even though the outside world is changing
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Homeostasis
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What are the basic constituents of protoplasm?
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Main component: Water
-Organelles, chromosomes, proteins, amino acids |
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Power plant of the cell:
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Mitochondria
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True or False: Mitochondria contains their own DNA and RNA and Ribosomes and are able to reproduce themselves
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True
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Site of protein sythesis:
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Ribosomes
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What
1. Transports protein 2. Stores, synthesizes materials and minerals 3. Manufacture Ribosomes |
Rough ER
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What
1. Packages proteins for transport 2. Releases calcium 3. Synthesizes membrane phospholipds |
Smooth ER
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"Traffic Director" for cell proteins that package proteins and lipids made at the rough ER
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Golgi Complex
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Vesicles that contain proteins destined for export:
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Secretory Granules (storage compartments)
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Spherical membrane organelles that is the "demolition crew" for non-useful tissues, and calcium in bones
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Lysosomes
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Small barrel shaped organelles that form the bases of cilia and flagella
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Centrioles
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A selectively permiable membrane that determines what goes in and out of organisms
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Cytoplasmic Membrane
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Seperates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm
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Nuclear membrane
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Site where ribosomes are made:
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Nucleolus
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Prevents chromatin strands from tangling during movement of cell division
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Chromosomes
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Chain of 25 amino acids
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Polypeptide
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Main concept of cell theory
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Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms
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Exaggerates stimulus until it stops action (blood clotting)
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Positive Feedback
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Monitors the environment and responds to changes (stimuli)
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Receptors
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Determinds the set poing where the variable is maintained
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Control Center
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Provides the means to respond to the stimuli
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Effector
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What are the fundamental principles?
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1. Casuality
2. Uniformity |
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Anything that has weight and occupies space
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Matter
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Four major elements (atoms) in the body
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1. Oxygen
2. Carbon 3. Hydrogen 4. Nitrogen |
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Protons have a _____ charge
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Positive
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Electrons have a ______ charge
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Negative
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Neutrons have a ______ charge
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Neutral
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Organs that contains epithelial, smooth and connective tissue
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Blood vessels
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Cells without a nucleus (ex: bacterium)
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Prokaryotic
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Cells with a nucleus (ex: animal/plant cells)
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Eukaryotic
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Protazoan
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Unicellular (one cell)
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Metazoa
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Multicellular
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Wants to shuffle information to make it different
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Meiosis
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Ensures every cell has the same genetic information
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Mitosis
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Citric Acid Cycle in mitochondria
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Krabs Cycle
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Potential energy:
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Stored in glucose
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Kinetic Energy:
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Active energy
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Breaking down of sugars in the prescense of oxygen:
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Aerobic Glycologist
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What are the stages of Mitosis? (IPMAT)
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1. Interphase
2. Prophase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase |
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Longest stage of mitosis where DNA is replicated
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Interphase
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In order for the cell to go to cell division, it has to cross this point:
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G1 phase (part 1 of interphase)
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Stage of interphase where actual DNA is replicated
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S Phase
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Stage of interphase where growth and final preparations for cell divisions are made
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G2 phase
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What are the 3 phases of interphase in order?
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1. G1
2. S 3. G2 |
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What is the result if mitosis?
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Two daughter cells
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Protein is a _______
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Polar molecule
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Define Polar molecule
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Cant disolve in water
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True or False: Nonpolar molecules can't disolve in water
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True
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Lipids are _______
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Nonpolar
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The prefix philic means:
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to love
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The prefix phobic means:
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to hate
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If the sodium potassium pump stops:
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Too much sodium will be inside and the sodium levels will balance with eachother. Death of cell occurs
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Define Phagocytosis:
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Cell eating
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Define Pinocytosis:
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Large amounts of fluid entering cell (Cell drinking)
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True or False: Cells don't talk, only respond to signals
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True
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Enzymes are organic ______
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Catalysts
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_____ are substances that speed up chemical reactions but aren't changed by the reaction
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Catalysts
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Each kind of reaction is controlled by a ______ _______
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Specific Enzyme
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True or False: Enzymes that are produced in a cell will determine what reactions go on in that cell
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True
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Carriers of genes
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Chromatin
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Contains oxidase-detoxifies or neutralizes damage
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Peroxisomes
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Metabolism requires ____ and _______
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ATP and Enzymes
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What is ATP?
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Adenosine Triphosphate (Stored Energy)
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____ _____ is reversible unfolding of proteins due to drops in pH and/or increased temperatue
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Protein Denaturation
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Enzymes are ______
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Globular proteins
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Pair of shared electrons:
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Covalent bonds
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Bond between H and the negative part of another atom:
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Hydrogen Bond
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Complete transfer of electrons:
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Ionic bonds
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_____ resist abrupt changse in pH of the body fluids
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Buffers
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Stored in carbohydrate energy
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Chemical Energy
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Type of energy mostly in the nervous system
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Electrical Energy
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Type of energy mostly in the muscles
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Mechanical Energy
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Type of energy mostly in the skin
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Radiant (electromagnetic)
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Five nitrogen bases that contribute to nucleotide structure:
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Adenine (A)
Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) Uracil (U) |
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Arrangement of chromosomes along a plane midway between poles
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Metaphase Plate
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Centromeres of the chromosones split during ____
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Anaphase
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Nucleoli disappear, centriole pairs seperate and mitotic spindle is formed
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Prophase
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Any movement of a substance through a cell membrane that requires energy
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Active Transport
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A sodium potassium pump is an example of a:
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Primary Active Transport
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Solutions with the same solute concentrations as that of the cystol
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Isotonic
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Solutions having greater solute concentration than that of the cystol
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Hypertonic
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Solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cystol
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Hypotonic
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Movement of material from an area of high concentration to lower concentration
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Diffusion
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Water movement only; Net movement of water across a semipermiable membrane in the direction of lower concentration of water
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Osmosis
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Minor component in a solution:
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Solute
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Usually a liquid
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Solvent
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Scientific reasoning is:
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1. Inductive
2. Deductive |
