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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Physiology |
-the study of the normal functioning of a livingorganism and its component(structure) parts
-includes both chemical and physical processes(functions) -integrative |
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smallest to largest |
-Cells -Tissues -Organs -Organ systems -integrative-how it affects everything, dominos |
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cells |
-smallest unit of structure capable of carrying out life processes |
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tissues |
-collection of cells that carry out related functions |
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organs |
structural and functional units of tissue |
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organ systems |
group of organs with integrated function |
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homeostasis |
-constancy of the internal environment that is maintained by negative feedback loops |
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why is homeostasis important for the body? |
-Maintains many physiologicalfunctions - blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, fluid volume- within a “window” is required for life
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variables of homeostatic control |
-enviormental(pH,temp,osmolarity) -material(nutrients, water,electrolytes,oxygen) -internal secretions(hormones, chem signals) |
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what happens in a Negative Feedback loop |
-for internal consistency, changes in the body stimulate sensors that send info to intergrating center to detect changes from a set point then directs responses of effectors |
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negative feedback loop |
-response opposes or removes the signal -regulation is in negative, reverse direction -continuous ongoing process -can restore normal state, cant prevent initial signal |
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sensors |
-changes in the body stimulate this to maintain homeostasis -sends info to integrating center -negative feedback |
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integrating center |
-sensors send info here -detects changes from a set point -often a region of brain or spinal cord, endocrine gland(neural, hormonal control) -sends directions to effectors to initiate response |
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effectors |
-muscles or glands "defending" set pints against deviations -influenced by effects they produce -increase or decrease not turned off |
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set point |
-like temp set to a house thermostat -action will take place to bring back to this spot, trigger -average value within normal range of measurements |
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positive feedback |
-action of effectors amplifies changes stimulated by effectors -often not homeostatic-this stimulus is increased(futher from normal) -effectiveness of some negative feedback loops are increased by this because it amplifies actions of neg feedback |
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blood clotting |
-neg feedback loop increased by pos feedback -occurs as a result of activation factors -activation of one factor results in activat many positive feedback cascades -formation of clot can prevent further lose of blood=completion of neeg feedback, restore homeostasis |
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ex of positive feedback |
-related to female reproduction system -estrogen secreted by ovaries, stimulates pituitary glad, secrete LH-LH surge=triggers ovulation -contraction of uterus stim by pituitary hormone oxytocin, increased by sensory feedback during contractions=increase strength of contractions |
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homeostasis maintained by 2 catgeories |
-intrinsic- within organs-ability of vessels to constrict or diliate -extrinsic-reg by nervous and endocrine sys |
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nervous system |
-controls secretion of endocrine glands and some hormones in turn affect function -nerve fibers innervate organs they regulate fibers produce electrochemical nerve impulses from orgin of fiber to target organ |
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endocrine system |
-functions closely with nervous system in regulating and integrating body processes and maintain homeostasis -achieved by secretion of chemical regulators-hormones into blood and carried to all organs |
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extrinstic |
-together nervous system and endocrine system regulate activities of most of the other systems of the body |
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target organs |
-only specific organs can respond to a particular hormone -can be muscles or glands that may function as effectors in maintain homeostasis |
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negative feedback of BP |
-bp is lowered by by decreased heart rate and raised by increased heart rate -fall in bp compensated by faster heart rate -ex lying down, standing up, heart rate changes thru day |
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BP |
-influences activity of sensory neurons from bp receptors(sensors) when changed -firing rate of nerve impulses in neurons effect brain(integrating center) -causes nerves to heart(effector) to increase heart rate, helping to raise bp |
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antagonistic factors |
-regulated by several effectors -heart rate, blood glucose,calcium -increased activity in one leads to decreased activity of another effector -refined control |
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negative feedback control of blood glucose |
-rise in blood glucose occurs after eat=corrected by insulin(secreted in large amounts at that time) -fasting glucose falls=insulin is inhibited and secretes glucagon is increased -stimulates liver to secrete glucose in blood=prevent glucose from falling |
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primary tissues |
-organs are composed for 4 diff -activities and interactions of these tissues determine physiology of organs -muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective |
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Muscle tissue |
-specialized for contraction -3 types-skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
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striated |
-skeletal and cardiac muscle -stripes that extend across width of muscle cell -produced by char of contractile proteins so have similar mech of contraction |
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skeletal muscle |
-voluntary cuz its contraction is controlled -attached to ends of bones by tendons-contraction=movement of skeleton -arranged in parallel, each muscle fiber can be controlled individually(grade contraction) |
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myofibers |
-skeletal muscle fibers, syncytium-multi nucleated mass -contain mitochondria and other organelles -arranged in bundles, parallel -strength of muscle contraction needed for control of movements |
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Cardiac muscle |
-striated, differs from skeletal appearance -found only in heart where myocardial cells are connected to form continuous fabric -intercalated discs are char and dark stained |
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myocardial cells |
-short, branched and interconnected to form continous fabric in heart -heart cant produce a graded contraction -the stim of one cell results in stim of all other cells in mass |
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smooth muscle |
-no striations -found in digestive tract,blood vessels, bronch,urinary and repro system -circular arrangements, longitdinaly aranged layers -multiple nuclei |
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nervous tissue |
-consists of nerve cells(neurons) and neuroglial cells |
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neurons |
-specialized for generation and conduction of electrical events -cell body-contains -dendrites-recieve input from receptor cells -axon-conducts nerve impulses |
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neuroglial cells |
-dont conduct impulses, serve to bind neurons together,modify extracellular environment of nvs, provide neurons with structural support -maintain a limited ability to divide by mitosis -support cells |
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epithelial tissue structure |
-one or more layers of epithelial cells -seperated from underlying tissue by basal lamina or basement membrane -any substance that enters or leaves internal enviornment must cross epithelium -2types: sheets of cells lining body surface,secretory epithelia |
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epithelial tissue structure classification |
-layering:simple or stratified -shapes:squamous, cubodial,columnar functions:exchange,transport,ciliated,protective,secretory |
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squamous |
-epithelial cells that are flattened in shape -diffusion,filitration |
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cuboidal |
-epithelial cells that are wide as they are tall -square, secretion,excretion, absorption |
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columnar |
-epithelial cells that are taller than they are wide -rectangular,secretion, absorption |
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epithelial membranes |
cover all body surfaces and line cavity(lumen) of every hollow organ -provide barrier between external and internal enviornment |
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exocrine glands |
-secrete chemicals that lead to outside of membrane-sweat |
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endocrine glands |
-secrete chemicals called hormones into blood |
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simple epithelia |
-single layer of cells -covers visceral organs, lining of body cavities,tubes and ducts |
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simple squamous epithelium |
-single layer of flattened, tightly bound cells;diffusion and filitration -capillary walls, alveoli of lungs, body cavaties |
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simple cuboidal epithelium |
-single layer of cube shape cells;excretion,secretion, or absorption -surface of ovaries, lining of kidney tubules, salivary ducts,and pancreatic ducts |
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simple columnar epithelium |
-single layer of nonciliated,column shape cells;protection,secretion, and absorption -lining of most digestive tract |
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pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium |
-single layer of ciliated irregularly shaped cells, goblet cells, protection, secretion, ciliary movement -lining of respiratory passageways |
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simple ciliated columnar epithelium |
-single layer of ciliated column shaped cells;transportive role thru ciliary motion -lining of uterine tubes |
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stratified epithelia |
-2 or more layers of cells -epidermal layer of skin, lining of body openings, ducts, urinary bladder |
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stratified squamous epithelium(keratinized) |
-numerous layers containing keratin, with outer layers flattened and dead; protection -epidermis of skin |
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stratified squamous epithelium(nonkeratinized) |
-numerous layers lacking keratin with outer layers moistened and alive; protection and pliability -lining of oral and nasal cavities,vag, anal canal |
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stratified cuboidal epithelim |
-2 layers of cube shaped cells, strengthen of luminal walls -large ducts of sweat glands, salivary glands and pancreas |
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transitional epithelium |
-numerous layers of rounded nonkeratinized cells; distension -walls of ureters, urethra, and urinary bladder |
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exocrine glands |
-secrete into ducts -sweat, glands secrete into digestive tract, pancreas also has endocrine - prostate, seminal vesicles(contribute to semen) -testes and ovaries are both, -release gametes(ova and sperm) |
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connective tissue |
-char by large amounts of extracellular material(connective tissue matrix) between diff types tissue cells -connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood |
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blood |
-type of connective tissue cuz about half its volume is extracellular fluid, the blood plasma |
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connective tissue proper |
-matrix consists of protein fibers and ground substances -subtypes of loose,dense, fibrous,adipose and more |
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ground substance |
mineralized=bone watery=blood plasma gel,syrup=cartilage, adipose,loose,dense connective tissue |
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protein fibers |
fibronectin=connect cells to matrix fibrilin=forms filiments and sheets elastin=stretch and recoil collagen=stiff but flexible |
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cartilage,bone, blood |
-connective tissue because their cells are widely spaced with extracellular material between |
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adipose |
-type of loose connective tissue -cell cytoplasm is stretched around a central gobule of fat -syn and breakdown of fat are accomp by enzymes within cytoplasm of adipocytes |
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cartilage |
-consists of cells called chondrocytes, surrounded by semisolid ground substance that imparts elastic properties to tissue -type of supportive and protective tissue called gristle -forms precursor to many bones |
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bone |
-produced as concentric layers, lamellae of calcified material around blood vessels -osteoblasts trapped within cavities called lacunae, nourished by lifelines of cytoplasm -units of structure called osteons |
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blasts |
-build |
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clasts |
-breakdown |
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cytes |
-neither-nothing mobile(defense) |
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integumentary |
-skin,hair, nails -protection, thermoregulation |
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nervous |
-brain,spinal cord, nerves -reg of other body systems |
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endocrine |
-hormone secreting glands-pituitary, thyroid, adrenals -secretes of reg molecules called hormones |
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skeletal |
-bones, cartilages -movement and support |
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muscular |
-skeletal muslces -movement of the skeleton |
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circulatory |
-heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels -movement of blood and lymph |
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immune |
-bone marrow, lymphoid organs -defense of body against invading pathogens |
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respiratory |
-lungs, airways -gas exchange |
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urinary |
-kidney, ureters, urethra -regulation of blood volume and comp |
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digestive |
-mouth, stomach, intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas -breakdown of food into molecules that enter body |
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reproductive |
-gonads, external genitalia, assoc glands and ducts -continuation of human species |
