Physiology 534 Exam Iv: Ans

Front 1

The ANS contains 3 divisions

Back 1

1. SNS (thoracolumbar)
2. PNS (craniosacral)
3. ENS

Front 2

Preganglionic neurons have cell bodies?

Back 2

in the CNS, either brain or spinal cord

Front 3

Postganglionic neurons have cell bodies in?

Back 3

the peripheral ganglia

Front 4

Compare the ganglia location in PNS and SNS?

Back 4

PNS: ganglia located close to the organ innervated.

SNS: ganglia located far to the organ innervated, lie in the paravertebral ganglia

Front 5

Are the postganglionic fibers in the PNS short/long?

Back 5

Short because cell bodies are located close to the organs that they innervate.

Front 6

Are the postganglionic fibers in the SNS short/long?

Back 6

Long because the ganglia are farther away from the organ.

Front 7

Which nervous system (PNS or SNS) has more specificity? Divergence?

Back 7

PNS: more specificity
SNS: more divergence

Front 8

What are the 2 types of afferent input to the ANS?

Back 8

1. Input identical to somatic NS (effects both somatic and ANS)

2. Input specific to autonomic sysstem (no information fed to somatic NS)

Front 9

All preganglionic neurons (both sympathetic and parasympthatic) release?

Back 9

Ach

Front 10

Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons release?

Most postganglionic sympathetic neurons release?

Back 10

Ach


NE

Front 11

Exception, sympathetic neurons in sweat glands release?

Back 11

Ach

Front 12

What is the endocrine gland closely related to the SNS?

Back 12

Adrenal medulla

Front 13

The Cromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla are innervated by what NS?

What are their embryonic origin?

Purpose?

Back 13

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons

Embryonic origin same as postganglionic neurons

They are endocrine cells so they release hormones into circulation

Front 14

How are the Cromaffin cells activated?

Back 14

Ach is released from the preganglionic neurons. As a result, Cromaffin cells release the hormones NE and Epi into the blood stream.

Front 15

What is the receptor for postganglionic nerve bodies in both the SNS and PNS?

Back 15

nicotinic cholinergic receptors (Nnerve)

They are cation channel signaling pathways

Front 16

What are the effector tissue receptors in the PNS called?

Back 16

muscarinic cholinergic receptors

Front 17

What are the 5 subtypes for the muscarinic cholinergic receptors?

Back 17

1. For the odd numbered subtypes, M1, M3, M5-->Gq/PLC pathway

2. For the even numbered subtypes, M2 and M4-->Gi/cAMP -

Front 18

NE/Epi effector tissue receptors

Back 18

1. Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors: Via Gq/PLC (vascular smooth m)

2. Alpha 2: Via Gi/cAMP - (Postganglionic SNS endings)

3. B1: Via Gs/cAMP (cardiac cells)

4. B2: Via Gs/cAMP (vascular smooth m)

5. B3: Via Gs/cAMP (fat cells)

Front 19

Examples of other neurotransmitters besides NE and Ach. There can be co-transmitters & co-localization.

Back 19

1. Nitric oxide
2. Neuropeptide Y
3. Vasoactive Intetinal Peptide (VIP)
4. ATP

Front 20

Some autonomic nerves that release neither NE nor Ach

Back 20

NANC: non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic

They relaee substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

Front 21

ANS initation potential

Back 21

ANS usually not needed to initiate activity

ANS increases/decreaes activity of an effector tissue relative to its intrinsic level.

Front 22

Dual innervation

Back 22

When many effector tissues are innervated by both the SNS and PNS

Front 23

Dual reciprocal innervation

Back 23

When SNS and PNS may have opposing actions
(ex: SNS acts to increase heart rate & PNS acts to decreaes heart rate)

Front 24

Axon reflex

Back 24

-Not really ANS
-injury-->afferent information to SC
-collateral axon branches from main fiber & go into blood vessles and release neurotransmitters into blood

Front 25

Example of a reflex that is coordinated in the autonomic ganglia (CNS is NOT involved)

Back 25

Ex: Peristalsis where contraction of circular smooth muscle upstream and contraction of longitudinal muscle downstream

Front 26

Examples of reflexes that are coordinated in the spinal cord and involve the targets of ANS.

Back 26

Micturition
Defecation
Ejaculation
Erection

Front 27

Micturition reflex (urination)

Back 27

Distention of the urinary bladder-->stretch receptors activated-->Sensory nerves to SC-->Parasympathetic nerves-->contraction of bladder & relaxation of sphincter

Front 28

Examples of reflexes controlled in the medulla oblongata

Back 28

1. Swallowing
2. Vomiting
3. Blood pressure regulation
4. Respiration
5. Pupillary reflexes

Front 29

Blood pressure regulation

Back 29

Increased BP-->stretch receptors in blood vessles-->info travels to sensory nerves in medulla oblongata-->parasympathetic nerves stimulated-->decreases heart rate

Front 30

What is the most important ANS structure for afferent input in the medulla?

Back 30

Nucleus tractus solitarius NTS

Front 31

Examples of reflexes coordinated in the hypothalamus

Back 31

1. Temperature regulation
2. Eating & drinking
3. Cardiovascular functions
4. Fight or flight response

Front 32

Temperature regulation

Back 32

Increased hypothalamus temperature-->stimulate sympathetic nerves-->sweat gland activation

Front 33

Examples of cerebral cortical (cortex) control of ANS function

Back 33

1. Fear or panic-->stimulate fight or flight response
Activates sympathetic nerves and inhibits parasympathetic nerves

2. Emotional stress-->fainting (syncope)
Inhibition of sympathetic nerves
Discharge of Parasympathetic nerves

3. Inhibition of micturition reflex via inhibition of parasympthetic nerves

4. Cognitive activity-->initiate sexual arousal via cerebral cortex
Discharge of sympathetic and parasymapthtic nerves