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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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pigs are descendants of which species?
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sus sorofa
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major modern breeds of pigs are a mix of (2)
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chinese and european traditional breeds
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domestication has changed how pigs perform certain behaviors (4 examples)
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less active
less aggressive less wary less able to balance diet |
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3 good sources to study pig behavior
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wild boars
feral pigs domestic pigs in large natural enclosures |
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describe the social behavior of pigs
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-related females and offspring live together
-boars are alone of live in all-male groups |
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what are characteristics of pig hierarchies? (3)
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fighting back
changes in status harassing low ranking animals |
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agression occurs when (2)
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strange pigs are mixed
pigs are fed in limited space at a small time interval |
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characteristics of pig fighting (4)
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head knocking
pushing levering biting |
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what is important in determining home range size?
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food availability
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what is the most important sense for pigs
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olfaction
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what chemical signals are used for individ recognition in pigs?
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andosterone and skatole
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social order breaks down rapidly if u block a pigs ability to ___
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smell
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tail characteristics of pigs
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held up= danger
lowered= submission |
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pigs have over 20 call types for auditory communication like,
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bark, squeal, grunt, bogging calls
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pigs are very adaptable, mostly eat plants, but can eat small mammals, etc. must have protein b/c they cant sythesize ____ ____
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amino acids
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what is the snout of a pig used for
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moving stones or logs
dig in the earth sniff out hidden food |
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what behavior is common and importand for pigs
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exploratory behavior
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rooting behavior in pigs
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needed for pigs. they get frusterated if they cant do it
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nose rings on pigs
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used to prevent rooting in pigs
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pigs time budget
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active in daylight, but can be nocturnal.
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pigs rely on behavioral methods to thermoregulate
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huddle when cold, sleep in day, active at night when its cooler, wallow when hot
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pigs must wallow because
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few sweat glands and dont pant
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sexual maturity in pigs
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happens early because of domestication
domestic pigs 7 months wild- 1.5 years |
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how often do pigs come into heat?
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throughout the year.
every 18-24 days. lasts 1-3 days |
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partner choice in pigs
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boars are not discriminate.
sows are. they can tell intact, mature, and young boars apart. |
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boar courtship behaviors
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constant staccato grunting
produces foaming saliva pushes sow with his snout places head on sows back |
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female proceptive behaviors in pigs
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spends time near boars
mounts other sows urinates and squeals assumes standing posture |
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mating in pigs
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copulation lasts 5-10 min
boar has spiral shaped penis pigs in a litter can have multiple fathers |
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pregnancy in pigs
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lasts 115 days
sow will leave group to find a site to farrow will build a nest |
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nest building in pigs
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sow roots and digs
collects nest materials very motivated to nest build |
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what triggers nest building in pigs?
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prostaglandins
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teat order in pigs
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develops within first few days of life
piglets fight over teats anterior teats prefered |
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development in pigs
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precocial animals
little aggression btwn litters when they first meet lots of social activity |
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play in piglets
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scampering, dashing,play fighting
starts at 1 day ends at 3 weeks |
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natural weaning in pigs
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very gradual
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biggest problems in production systems with pigs
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they dont have enough space
barren space, no enrichment food restriction |
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pigs are restricted food because
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so they dont get fat and cant get pregnant
so they dont gain fat vs. muscle |
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teeth clipping in pigs
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producers clip tips off of teeth to prevent piglets from hurting each other or moms udder
can cause pain if done wrong |
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castration in pigs
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castration is done to reduce boar taint (bad smell and taste can develop in meat)
gernerally performed without anesthesia causes lots of pain |
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tail docking in pigs
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done shortly after birth
done to reduce tail-biting can cause tramatic neuromas at the end of the tail |
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weaning in production pigs (4 differences)
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-age- months to weeks earlier
-abruptness: separating sow from litter -change in environ-lack enrichment and space -regrouping/mixing-intensifies aggression |
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stresses of production weaning
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increases disease susceptibility,
weight gain disturbances to normal behavior |
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mixing of pigs
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in wild: natural for pigs to know each other all their lives, sisters, aunts, cousins...
in prod: regrouping. sorted by weight for feeding, or for breeding. |
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ways to mix pigs to reduce aggression
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-strong odors
-sedatives -pre-introduction |
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best way to mix pigs
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pigs should be young
mothers should be present environment should be complex and have stimuation for exploration and hiding |
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abnormal behavior in pigs
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bar biting, sham chewing, belly nosing, tail-biting
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what is the breed of cow we need to know?
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Maine Anjou
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why is there limited sci data to support inportance of human/animal bond?
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"fuzzy science", lack of money, complicated studies
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benefits of pets
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may increase survival of heart attack
can decrease blood pressure can help child's self esteem helps ppl in nursing homes 15 min with a horse improves a teen girls mood riding can help with anger in boys |
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calm cattle vs. wild ones
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higher milk production, greater weights, less likely to get injured or injure humans
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what influences cattle temperment?
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genetics, environment, human/cattle interactions
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what influences human-livestock interactions
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animals, humans, environment, $, culture
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david braun of nati geo daily claimed that...
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cows with names yield more milk
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why are birds raised in cages?
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to keep eggs and feathers clean
to reduce ammonia lvls and eye/lung irritation |
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common poultry injuries
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broken bones
foot and claw damage |
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feathers in chickens
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feathers provide production and thermoreg
loss of feathers: can cause increase in eating can lead to cannibalism |
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ways to alleviate feather pecking without beak remodeling
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selective breeding
house birds in low light provide alt. pecking options provide perches, litter, and space |
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chicken vision
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chickens have excellent color vision, tetrachromatic
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lighting for chickens
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high lvls: increased lvls of activity and feather pecking. aggression, sunbathing
low lvls: difficulty finding feed and water eye abnormalities u-v reflective features to identify individuals |
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chicken communication
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wide variaty of vocalizations
30 diff sounds indicate hunger, frusteration, social hier. |
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housing for laying hens
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conventional cages, enriched cages, cage free, free range
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quality of housing systems
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free range generally lowest welfare, besides with showing natural behaviors.
cage best for injury disease and pain prevention |
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social facilitation
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birds like to eat and drink together. perform better in groups vs. individ.
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social behavior of chickens
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peck order.
roosters and hens have diff hierarchies |
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formation of peck order
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starts btwn 4-8 weeks of age
usually forms from fighting |
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mating behavior in poultry
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males:
court (waltz), mount, tread, completed mating-cloacal kiss females: crouch. |
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type of mating system in chickens
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promiscuous.
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egg laying in chickens
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controlled by day length
hormonal signals to remove breast feathers as bird lays eggs |
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feeding and drinking behavior with birds
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appetite center-increases feed intake
satiety center-decreases feed intake |
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contra-freeloading
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information gathering about the environment and potential good sources
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tidbitting
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male will hold some food and emit call to attract a female. also used with mothers and her chicks
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indesirable behaviors in chickens
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feather picking, cannibalism
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stereotypies in chickens-
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repetitive behaviors sometimes seen in caged layers- usually head movements.
flightiness, egg eating |
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stereotypic behavior in horses
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cribbing, weaving, stall-walking, flank biting, wall kicking, pawing, wood chewing
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what happens because of stereotypic behaviors
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horse can lose value, banned from certain facilities, can damage the horse
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risk factors for developing bad behaviors in horses
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low lvls of interaction, lots of stalling, little turnout, genetics, stress from competition, stressful weaning,
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how to help with weaving behavior in horses
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increase windows, mirrors...visual horizons
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other kinds of vices with horses
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rearing, bucking, nipping, biting, kicking, striking,
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how to get a horse thats hard to catch
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approach with quiet authority
food treats patience |
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suggestions for trailer loading with horses
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training in foals
load with dam open, light colored trailers load up ramp instead of step up or vice versa |
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dogs likely began as wolves who were highly skilled scavangers that took advantage of
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human refuse
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what has developed from dog domestication
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cognitive skills
excellent at reading humans selected for divergent behavior |
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what do dogs do with surplus food
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hoard in caches
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dog food preferences
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raw meat over cereal
beef > pork > lamb chicken > horse can develop food intolerances or allergies |
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herding breeds of dogs
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may start stalking prey as puppies
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guardian breeds of dogs
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dont show predatory behaviors til 5-6 months
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7 steps of predatory behavior in dogs
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1.orient
2. eye 3. stalk 4. chase 5. grab-bite 6. kill-bite 7. dissect |
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visual communication in dogs
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facial expressions and body orientation are important in communication
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relaxed dogs have
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relaxed bodies
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signs of appeasement in dogs
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lick nose, paw up, look down and sniff, circle away
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signs of fear in dogs
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dialated pupils
whites of eyes drooling tense muscles tail tucked ears flatteded tight lips curved back |
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signs of alert dog
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pricked ears
tail up body compact and ready to move attention focused on object |
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signs of aggression
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piloerection
staring forward lean tail up jaw locked lips tight and back |
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communication btwn dogs and humans can be hard
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when u cant tell what the visual cues are. hairy dogs, wrinkles etc
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olfactory communication in dogs
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highly developed sense of smell for communication and predation
glands in face tail and anal region provide info for dogs, urine feces, footpad secretions provide info |
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auditory communication in dogs
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bark, growl, yip, whine.
dogs bark more and more diverse than wolves |
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biological rhythms in dogs
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diurnal in nature. can sleep based on owners schedule. can be nocturnal if needed
polyphasic sleepers-on and off |
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REM sleep cycles in dogs
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dogs may vocalize or run
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repro behavior in dogs
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mature at 6-7 months
femals cycles 2x a year- periods synchronized among other females |
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courtship behavior in dogs
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play, fighting, and licking ears and genitals
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Pro-estrus in dogs
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increased restlessness
attractive to males, bloody discharge, wont allow male to mate |
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estrus in dogs
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receptive to mating
ovulation occurrs females stand still. display preference in males. |
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maternal behavior in dogs
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pups born 63 days after mating
females nest in dark places each pup is licked clean by mom severs cord, eats placenta |
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maternal behavior in dogs II
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pups nurse 30% of time.
dam licks them to stimulate exxcretion then eats it. |
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pulir
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to polish
polir |
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puppies are born without
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hearing or sight. alturicial
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young puppies (0-14 days)
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react to touch and smell
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transition stage for puppies (14-21 days)
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eyes open 13 days
ears open 18-20 days chewing biting crawling, walking play fighting |
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socialization in puppies (3-10 weeks)
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respond to sounds
more independent play forms of adult behaviors |
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juvenile stage in puppies (10 weeks to 14 months)
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nearly grown at 8 months
implications of behaviors are learned |
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dog/human interactions
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can form bonds
recciporacal increase exxercise, reduced stress |
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bad behaviors in dogs
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usually natural but undesirable to owners
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