Physiology

Front 1

respiration

Back 1

process of gas exchange

Front 2

internal respiration

Back 2

use of oxygen within mitochondria to generate ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, and production of CO2 as waste

Front 3

external respiration

Back 3

exchange of O2 and CO2 between the atmosphere and body tissues

Front 4

pulmonary ventilation

Back 4

movement of air into lungs and out of lungs by bulk flow

Front 5

upper airways

Back 5

air passages in head and neck

Front 6

pharynx

Back 6

muscular tube that serves as common passageway for both air and food

Front 7

respiratory tract

Back 7

all air passsgeways leading from pharynx to lungs

Front 8

conducting zone

Back 8

upper part, conducting air from larynx to lungs

Front 9

respiratory zone

Back 9

lowermost part, sites of gas exchange within the lungs

Front 10

larynx

Back 10

tube held open by cartilage

Front 11

glottis

Back 11

opening to larynx

Front 12

epiglottis

Back 12

flap of tissue over the glottis that prevents food or water from entering the larynx when swallowing

Front 13

trachea

Back 13

cartilaginous tube of resp. tract, located between larynx and bronchi

Front 14

bronchi

Back 14

branched tube that conducts air to each lung

Front 15

secondary bronchis

Back 15

branches off bronchi leading to lungs

Front 16

secondary bronchi

Back 16

branches off bronchi leading to lungs

Front 17

bronchioles

Back 17

small tubules leading from bronchi to alveoli, less than 1 mm in diameter

Front 18

terminal bronchioles

Back 18

bronchioles that lead directly to airways of respiratory zone of resp. tract, the last component of conducting zone

Front 19

goblet cells

Back 19

epithelial cells in resp. tract and GI tract that secrete mucus

Front 20

cilia

Back 20

hairlike processes found on certain epithelial cells in resp. tract and oviduct

Front 21

resp. bronchioles

Back 21

small tubules of resp. tract between terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts

Front 22

alveoli

Back 22

terminal sacs of resp. tract, where most gas exchange occurs, usually grouped in clusters

Front 23

alveolar sacs

Back 23

clusters of alveoli at end of an alveolar duct

Front 24

type I cells

Back 24

epithelial cells lining alveoli

Front 25

respiratory membrane

Back 25

structure across which gas exchange occurs in the lungs; a barrier between blood and air consisting of capillary endothelial cells and their basement membranes and alveolar epithelial cells and their basement membranes

Front 26

chest wall

Back 26

structures that protect the lungs and form an airtight compartment around them (rib cage, sternum, thoracic vertebrae, muscles, and CT)

Front 27

internal intercostals

Back 27

muscles of expiration that are located between the ribs

Front 28

external intercostals

Back 28

inspiratory muscles of chest wall

Front 29

diaphragm

Back 29

primary inspiratory muscle for respiration; separates abdominal and thoracic cavities

Front 30

pleura

Back 30

membrane that lines chest wall and lung, forming pleural sac around each lung

Front 31

pleural sac

Back 31

membrane surrounding each lung

Front 32

intrapleural space

Back 32

fluid filled compartment located between lungs and chest wall; bounded by visceral and parietal pleura

Front 33

atmospheric pressure

Back 33

pressure of outside air, 760 mm Hg

Front 34

intrapleural pressure

Back 34

pressure of fluid inside pleural space

Front 35

intra-alveolar pressure

Back 35

pressure exerted by air in alveoli

Front 36

transpulmonary pressure

Back 36

difference between the intrapleural pressure and intra-alveoloar pressure, which represents the distending pressure acting on the lungs; Palv - Pip

Front 37

functional residual capacity (FRC)

Back 37

volume of air in lungs at end of resting expiration

Front 38

pneumothorax

Back 38

condition in which air enters the pleural space, causing lungs to collapse and chest wall to expand

Front 39

Boyles Law

Back 39

inverse relationship between pressure and volume

Front 40

pulmonary surfactant

Back 40

detergent like substance secreted by type II alveolar cells; decreases the surface tension in the lungs

Front 41

type II alveolar cells

Back 41

cells that ling the alveoli and secrete surfactant

Front 42

spirometer

Back 42

device for measuring lung volumes

Front 43

tidal volume

Back 43

volume of air that moves into and out of the lungs during a normal breath

Front 44

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Back 44

maximum volume of air that can be inspired at end of resting expiration

Front 45

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Back 45

maximum volume of air that can be expired from end of normal expiration

Front 46

residual volume

Back 46

volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration

Front 47

inspiratory capacity

Back 47

maximum volume of air that can be inspired at end of resting expiration

Front 48

vital capacity

Back 48

maximum volume of air that can be expired following maximum inspiration

Front 49

total lung capacity

Back 49

volume of air in lungs after end of maximum inspiration

Front 50

forced vital capacity

Back 50

maximum amount of air a personal can forcefully expire following a maximum inspiration

Front 51

forced expiratory volume

Back 51

measure of % of forced vital capacity that can be exhaled within certain time frame

Front 52

minute ventilation

Back 52

total amount of air that flows into or out of resp. system in a minute

Front 53

respiratory rate

Back 53

frequency of breaths

Front 54

anatomical dead space

Back 54

conducting zone of resp. tract; air in this region does not participate in gas exchange

Front 55

alveolar ventilation

Back 55

a measure of the volume of fresh air reaching alveoli each minute, which is minute ventilation corrected for dead space volume, also called minute alveolar ventilation

Front 56

respiratory quotient

Back 56

ratio of CO2 produced by body to amount of O2 consumed

Front 57

partial pressure

Back 57

the proportion of pressure of an entire gas mixture that is due to the presence of an individual gas

Front 58

hyperpnea

Back 58

an increase in alveolar ventilation to match increased metabolic demands

Front 59

hyperventilation

Back 59

an increase in alveolar ventilation such that metabolic demands of the tissue are exceeded

Front 60

hypoventilation

Back 60

a decrease in alveolar ventilation such that metabolic demands of the tissue are not met

Front 61

hemoglobin

Back 61

a protein in RBC that carries O2 and CO2

Front 62

Bohr effect

Back 62

effect of hydrogen ions on the ability of hemoglobin to bind to O2

Front 63

carbamino effect

Back 63

decrease in affinity of hemoglobin for O2 when CO2 binds to hemoglobin

Front 64

carbaminohemoglobin

Back 64

hemoglobin with CO2 bound to it

Front 65

carbonic anhydrase

Back 65

enzyme that catalyzes the reversible reaction converting CO2 and water to carbonic acid

Front 66

peripheral chemoreceptors

Back 66

chemoreceptors located in carotid arteries that respond to changes in arterial PO2, PCO2, and pH and are involved in regulating ventilation

Front 67

central chemoreceptors

Back 67

chemoreceptors located in the medulla oblongata that respond directly to changes in hydrogen ion concentration in CSF and indirectly to arterial PCO2; function in regulating ventilation

Front 68

acidosis

Back 68

condition in which arterial blood pH is 7.35 or lower

Front 69

alkalosis

Back 69

condition in which arterial blood pH is 7.45 or greater

Front 70

respiratory acidosis

Back 70

decrease in blood pH caused by increases in plasms CO2 levels

Front 71

respiratory alkalosis

Back 71

increase in blood pH caused by decreases in plasma CO2 levels