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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who is the Father of medical physiology?
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William Harvey
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Who was the first to adopt the scientific method?
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William Harvey
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The concept of homeostasis was first articulated by whom and when?
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Claude Bernard
1860's |
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The term homeostasis was first used by whom and when?
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Walter Cannon
1920's |
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A car on cruise control jgoing up a hill, slowing down, then speeding itself up after an error signal is an example of what?
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negative feedback
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Control systems are ____ and/or ____.
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neuronal
hormonal |
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What are control systems?
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1. some way to measure the regulated variable
2. some way to alter (effect) the regulated variable 3. something linking the two |
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Without negative feedback from the thyroid gland, what happens to TSH?
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It will continue to go up
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Temperature regulation is an example of ____ homeostasis.
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nervous system regulated
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Where is the brain thermo-regulatory integrating center?
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hypothalamus
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Sweating is an ____ from ____ generated by the ____ ____ in the _____ to thermo-regulate body temperature.
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effector
output integrating center brain |
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Negative feedback in thermo-regulation is from what?
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Negative feedback is when the body temperature lowers to where it need to be.
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When is homeostasis most evident?
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challenging circumstances like extreme heat
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If the ____ malfunctions during extreme heat, what can happen?
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hypothalamus
The system can generate positive feedback instead, resulting in the body continuing to heat itself up. |
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What can cause death in thermo-regulation?
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positive feedback
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What is hyponatraemia
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lass of sodium
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Body weight regulation is an example of ____ homeostasis.
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endocrine system regulated
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The satiety center is ____ feedback and tells the body to eat.
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negative
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Fat is an _____ organ, which produces the hormone ____, and tells the body enough energy is stored.
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endocrine
leptin |
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Ovulation is ____ feedback.
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positive
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The oxygen of a water molecule is _____ charged.
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negative
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The hydrogen of a water molecule is _____ charged.
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positive
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What kind of bond is water.
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covalent
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The bonds between adjacent water molecules are ____ and ____.
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labile
transient |
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What does labile mean?
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don't stay in one place
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What does transient mean?
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break easily
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7 properties of water
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Dipole
Bonds are labile and transient Great solvent for ions Selective dissolving High heat capacity High latent heat of evap Reletively incompressible |
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What can water not dissolve?
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completely non-polar compounds
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What compounds contain both polar and non-polar groups? Example?
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amphipathic
sodium oleate |
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The ____ end of amphipathic compounds want to bond with water, while the ____ end do not.
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polar
non-polar |
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What transports cholesterol?
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LDL and HDL
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What is a micelle?
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tiny droplets that form when amphipathic compound form a sphere with the polar ends on the outside and the non-polar ends all huddled towards the middle
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Another name for phospholipid, and what is it?
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phosphoglyceride
the basic component of a cell membrane |
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Many layers of phospholipid bilayer form an ____.
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Axon
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The ____ tails of cell membranes are ____.
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hydrocarbon
hydrophobic |
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A charged particle such as Na+ ____ move through a cell membrane.
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can not
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A non-polar molecule like lipophilics ____ move through a cell membrane.
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can
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Explain cell membrane movement.
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Fluid
Rarely move from top to bottom (once per month) Extremely often move from side to side (10^7 per second) |
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What are the three lipids in the cell membrane?
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Phosphoglycerides
Sphingolipids sterols |
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Phosphoglycerides have a ____ backbone.
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glyceride
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There are a lot of these types of lipids in the brain.
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Sphingolipids
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What type of lipids can be insulators and sites of receptor binding?
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Sphingolipids
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What is a negative aspect of sphingolipids?
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toxins can bind to them and cause death
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What are a couple aspects of sterols and what is an example?
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non-polar
slightly soluble in water fit snugly between hydrocarbon tails of phospholipids cholesterol |
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What is the hardening of arteries why does it happen?
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artherosclerosis
LDL cholesterol accumulates because it is not soluble in plasma |
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A G-protein is also called a ____ protein.
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peripheral
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Which proteins are on only one side of the membrane?
Which proteins span the membrane? |
peripheral
integral |
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What do integral proteins serve as?
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Passive transport pores and channels
Active-transport pumps Membrane lined enzymes Receptors |
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What are essential to cell membranes to allow things in and out of cells?
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proteins
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In passive diffusion molecules diffuse from ____ concentration to ____.
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high
low |
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What might cause diffusion to occur faster?
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more molecules
shorter distance higher temperatures smaller molecules more surface area of membrane thinner membrane |
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What uses the kinetic energy of molecular movement?
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passive diffusion
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How does water pass through the cell membrane?
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Aquaporins
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A specialized ____ molecule is involved in facilitated diffusion?
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protein
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What are two examples of simple pores or channels involved in facilitated diffusion?
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aquaporins
K+ leak channel |
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What restricts facilitated diffusion according to ion size and/or charge?
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voltage gates
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If a voltage gate channel is negatively charged, what is allowed through it?
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positively charged ions
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What occurs in more complex facilitated diffusion? Example?
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A solute combines with a carrier
glucose transporter |
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If there are two molecules and it takes longer to reach saturation for one of them, what does this mean?
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The there were more carrier proteins for the longer saturation molecule
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What are the three types of carrier proteins?
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Uniporter
Symporter Antiporter |
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What is a uniporter?
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Carrier protein that allows a single solute from one side of the membrane only
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What is a symporter?
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Carrier protein that allows two solutes to move through in the same direction
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What is an antiporter?
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Carrier protein that allows two solutes through in opposite dierections
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What is the CFTR and what is the purpose?
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Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator protein
Allows Cl- to transport accross epithelium. H2O moves with it into mucous and creates a less viscous dilut mucus |
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What is cystic fibrosis caused by?
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A defect in the CFTR protein. Chloride ions are not able to pass through membrane, thus H2O isn't either. Causes viscous mucus where bacteria can easily grow
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Why would the sweat of someone with CF have a high salt content?
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The CFTR channel doesn't allow Cl- or Na+ to be reabsorbed causing salty sweat
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sweat is normally ____ mM, in CF if can be as high as ____.
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120
500 |
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What can't a person with CF create in their pancrease?
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lipases an enyzme that breakes down fat
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How much energy consumed by a cell is from the Na+/K+ pump normally? In neurons?
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1/3
2/3 |
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What drives the Na+/K+ pump?
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ATP
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The Na+/K+ pump moves to transport substances ____ a gradient.
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against
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What is the difference between primary active transport, and secondary active transport?
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primary requires direct expenditure of energy and is ATP-dependent
secondary does not involve ATP being directly consumed, but conditions are set up somewhere else by primary active transport |
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5 steps of Na+/K+ pump
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1. transporter binds 3 Na+ from cytosol
2. phosphorylation by ATP favors conformational change and opens towards extracellular fluid 3. Na+ is released, K+ binds 4. dephosphorylation favors original conformation opens back towards cytosol 5. K+ is released to cytosol, cycle repeats |
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What are the two types of secondary active transport?
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cotransport - same direction
countertransport - opp direction |
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Cell eating is ____ a form of ____.
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phagocytosis
endocytosis |
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Cell drinking is ____ a form of ____.
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phinocytosis
endocytosis |
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A large drop of ECF is engulfed by the cell in ____.
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phagocytosis
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Small drops of ECF is engulfed by the cell in ____.
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phinocytosis
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How is iron transfered into a cell?
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Through receptor mediated endocytosis. Iron goes from blood to protein in cell membrane call transferrin where it is endocytosed and released into cytosol
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How many molecules of cholesterol are inside an LDL miscelle?
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over 1000
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Which protein is exposed at the surface of an LDL miscelle particle?
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apolipoprotein B-100
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How does cholesterol get inot a cell?
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The apolipoprotein b-100 of an LDL miscelle lines of with the LDL receptor on the cell membrane and is then endocytosed.
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What digests the LDL once it is in the cell?
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lysosomes
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What can cause high cholesterol?
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LDL receptors on the cell membrane not functioning properly. Since it can't get into cell it starts to build up in the blood
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What type of exocytosis is unregulated and happens all the time?
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constitutive secretion
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What type of exocytosis requires a signal to occur?
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regulated secretion
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What can signal regulated secretion?
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hormones or neurotransmitters
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What are three things excytoses accomplishes?
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restores amount of plasma membrane
secretion integral membrane proteins exposed to interior surface now display at the cell surface |
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What have a high affinity for blocking Ca2+ channels and Na+ channels?
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batrachotoxins
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No Ca2+ ion transported = ____
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no secretion
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In a neuron what is the first trigger for docking protein? What happens if it is low?
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Ca2+
reduced neural transmission |
