Cell Physiology

Front 1

Difference between passive and active channels in plasma membrane.

Back 1

Active transport through a channel goes against the concentration of particles and requires ATP. Passive does not

Front 2

Which cells contain voltage regulated channels in their plasma membrane

Back 2

Nerve and Muscle Cells

Front 3

What type of channels are located on plasma membranes on a synapse

Back 3

Chemically regulated channels

Front 4

Function of Golgi Apparatus

Back 4

Distribution of proteins, lipids and other substances to different locations within or outside the cell.

Front 5

Function of Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 5

Network of double walled tubules. These tubules perform the following functions:

-help in synthesis of lipids and fatty acids

-help in synthesis and transport of proteins -help in releasing and capturing the Ca++ ions in muscle fibers -help in synthesis of steroid hormones in testes and adrenal gland

Front 6

Function of Ribosomes

Back 6

Protein synthesis

Front 7

Function of Mitochondria

Back 7

Powerhouse" of the cell. These help producing the required energy in form of ATP

Front 8

Function of Lysosomes

Back 8

"digestive organs" of the cell, help in digestion of various substances inside the cell

Front 9

What is the difference between DNA and RNA

Back 9

RNA is synthasized from DNA, is a single strand and lacks Thymine

Front 10

Name the type of RNA that carries the coded information from nucleus to ribosome.

Back 10

mRNA (messenger RNA)

Front 11

Name the type of RNA that is the "reader" of the code in the RNA chain

Back 11

rRNA

Front 12

Name the type of RNA that carries a specific amino acid to the proper place to build an amino acid chain

Back 12

tRNA

Front 13

List all the important properties of a cell

Back 13

Growth, Reproduction, Absorption, Metabolism, Excretion, Secretion and Irritability.

Front 14

What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

Back 14

Hypertrophy: It means increase in the size of a cell or organ beyond its normal size.

Hyperplasia: Increase in the size of an organ due to increase in number of cells.

Front 15

Difference between atrophy and aplasia

Back 15

Atrophy: A decrease in size of an organ from its normal size.

Aplasia: If a tissue or organ fails to develop completely.

Front 16

Difference between mitosis and meiosis

Back 16

Mitosis: It is the division of the cell to produce the two daughter cells with exact copy of mother's genetic material.

Meiosis: the number of chromosomes is reduced to half in daughter cells (haploid).

Front 17

Difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis

Back 17

a) Phagocytosis: (Cell eating) In this type of absorption, the cells reach to the substances (particles) by ameboid movement and use their cytoplasmic processes to engulf the substances completely.
b) Pinocytosis: (Cell drinking): In this case, the dissolved substances (small droplets) come in physical contact with the cell membrane and change the electrical property of the cell membrane. During this process, the cell membrane invaginate taking the substance with it. This invagination forms a pocket and finally it modifies into a vesicle, that pinches off into the cell cytoplasm.

Front 18

What is metabolism

Back 18

The sum total of all biochemical reactions taking place in all the cells in body.

Front 19

Difference between anabolism and catabolism

Back 19

Catabolism: process by which substances are broken down into simple units to release energy.

Anabolism: is the building up process.... means making complex substances from simple units.

Front 20

Difference between excretion and secretion

Back 20

Excretion: It is the elimination of waste products by the cells.

Secretion: It is the release of useful substances by the cells.

Front 21

What is irritability

Back 21

It is the property of the cell, to respond to a stimulus.

Front 22

What is osmosis

Back 22

movement of water across a semi permeable membrane

Front 23

What is diffusion

Back 23

Movement of dissolved particles across the membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Front 24

What is facilitated diffusion

Back 24

It is same as diffusion (the movement from higher conc. to lower conc.). This type of movement is for the big molecules like proteins, that can not easily pass through the membrane. They need some help or carrier to facilitate their movement across the plasma membrane. e.g. Glucose molecules need some protein channels to enter into the cell.

Front 25

Name the various chemical components present in the animal cell.

Back 25

Water: 85%
Proteins: 10%
Lipids: 2%
Carbohydrates:1.5%
Inorganics: 1.5%

Front 26

Name the three body fluid (water) compartments

Back 26

Intracellular fluid (fluid inside the cell)

Interstitial fluid (synovial fluid in joints, serous fluid in visceral spaces, lymph, fluid between the cells etc.)

Intravascular fluid (plasma)

Front 27

Which body compartment contains the greatest amount of water

Back 27

Intracellular fluid (fluid inside the cell)

Front 28

Where do you find the interstitial fluid in body. Give a few examples.

Back 28

synovial fluid in joints, serous fluid in visceral spaces, lymph, fluid between the cells etc.

Front 29

What is the difference between isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic fluids

Back 29

Isotonic Fluids: If a fluid has the same number of particles (osmolality 275-300 mOsm/L) as of body fluids

Hypertonic Fluids: have higher osmolality than body cells or body fluids (more particles conc.)

Hypotonic Fluids: have lower osmolality than body cells or body fluids

Front 30

Give a few examples of fluids that are isotonic and routinely used for fluid therapy in clinical practice

Back 30

The fluids routinely used in clinical practice for fluid therapy like Lactate Ringer and Normal Saline are isotonic fluids.

Front 31

What will happen to a cell that is dropped in a hypotonic fluid

Back 31

The cell is isotonic and is dropped into a hypotonic solution (fewer particles/unit volume). The cell will absorb water, where the conc. of particles is higher. The cell swells up.

Front 32

-What will happen to a cell that is dropped in a hypertonic fluid

Back 32

The solution being hypertonic (more # particles /unit volume) would draw the water from the cell (isotonic). The cell would shrink.

Front 33

-What is the difference between crystalloids and colloids

Back 33

Crystalloids: dissolve in water. e.g. salt in water. The crystalloids can easily move from one body compartment to another.

Colloids: These do not dissolve in water but can be suspended Colloid solutions contain large molecules and therefore, these can not move from one body compartment to another

Front 34

Name the basic structural unit of a protein

Back 34

Amino Acids

Front 35

Difference between structural proteins and reactive proteins

Back 35

Structural Proteins: These are the proteins, that help in building body structures like collagen, elastin and keratin.
Reactive Proteins: These include the proteins, that are needed for various biochemical reactions in body.

Front 36

What is a conjugative protein?

Back 36

The simple proteins combined with a non-protein part.

Front 37

Difference between nucleoproteins, glycoproteins and lipoproteins

Back 37

-Glycoprotein is a combination of protein and carbohydrate.
-Lipoprotein is a combination of protein and lipid.
-Nucleoprotein is protein and nucleic acids.

Front 38

Lipids are soluble in what solvents

Back 38

only soluble in lipid solvents like ehter, xylene, and chloroform

Front 39

Difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Back 39

Saturated fatty acids: If the carbon atoms of a fatty acid chain bind with the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms, the fatty acid is called saturated

Unsaturated fatty acids: If the number of hydrogen atoms bound by the carbons is less than the possible maximum, the fatty acid is unsaturated.

Front 40

Give a few examples of the carbohydrates found in the cell

Back 40

Monosaccharides: These contain 3 carbon atoms or more. e.g. glucose and galactose. Both these monosaccharides contain 6 carbon atoms.
Diasaccharides: are combination of two monosaccharides. e.g. lactose, maltose and sucrose
Polysaccharides: It is a combination of many (hundreds) monosaccharides. e.g. cellulose and starch

Front 41

Give a few examples of the inorganic ions found in the cell

Back 41

Pottasium (K+)
Phosphates (HPO4ˉ)
Magnisium (Mg++)
Sodium (Na+)
Bicarbonate (HCO3ˉ)
Chloride (Clˉ)

Front 42

Which ions are found in greatest amount inside the cell?

Back 42

Pottasium (K+) = 150 mEq/L
Phosphates (HPO4ˉ) = 80 mEq/L

Front 43

Which ions are found in greatest amount outside the cell?

Back 43

Sodium (Na+) = 160 mEq/L
Bicarbonate (HCO3ˉ) = 80 mEq/L