Physiology

Front 1

Function of respiratory

Back 1

Gas exchange

Front 2

Pulmonary ventilation

Back 2

Exchange between the atmosphere and your lungs

Front 3

Pulmonary respiration

Back 3

Exchange between lungs and blood

Front 4

Tissue respiration

Back 4

Exchange between Blood and Tissue

Front 5

Inhalation exhalation

Back 5

Contraction of respiratory muscles

Front 6

How do gases exert pressure

Back 6

Pressure= force/area, ⬆ volume/⬇ pressure, gases exert pressure thru Collison

Front 7

Boyle's Law

Back 7

Inverse relationship between volume and pressure of a gas

Front 8

Compliance

Back 8

Ability of lungs to expand, determined mostly by surface tension of fluid in alveoli ( High compliance= easy to expand)

Front 9

Elastic recoil

Back 9

Ability to return to shape after being stretched, determined mostly by surface of fluid in alveoli

Front 10

Minute ventilation

Back 10

Ventilation rate × tidal volume

Front 11

Alveolor ventilation

Back 11

Ventilation rate × title volume - Dead space (150ml)

Front 12

Hyperventilation

Back 12

Ventilation above metabolism requirements

Front 13

Hypoventilation

Back 13

Ventilation below metabolism requirements

Front 14

Pulmonary and tissue respiration

Back 14

Passive happens by diffusion which requires concentration gradient

Front 15

Dalton's law

Back 15

Pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is exerted independently of the other gases total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures.

Front 16

Nitrogen, 02, CO2

Back 16

78% 21% .033% ( for gas to diffuse through liquid it has to dissolve in the liquid)

Front 17

Henry's law

Back 17

Amount of gas that will dissolve in some liquid depends on the partial pressure of the gas. For a gas to dissolve in a liquid it has to collide with liquid.

Front 18

Factors that influence rate of diffusion

Back 18

1 steepness in concentration gradient 2 surface area 3 coefficient gas liquid temp 4 distance

Front 19

Transport of o2 in blood

Back 19

1.5% dissolved in plasma 98.5% bound to hemoglobin o2 (g)↔ o2 (aq)

O2 (aq)+Hb-h ↔Hb-o2+h^+

Front 20

Factors that influence the affinity(attraction) of Hb for o2

Back 20

Po2, pH, Pco2,BPG

[CO2(aq)+Hb↔Hb-CO2]

[CO2 (aq)+H2o↔H2CO3↔HCO-3+H^+]

⬆during exercise ⬆high altitude ⬆BPG ⬇Hb affinity for o2

altitude ⬆BPG ⬇Hb affinity for o2

Front 21

Transport of CO2 in blood

Back 21

7% dissolved into plasma 23% as carbo Amino compounds 70% as hco3 (bicarbonate)

Front 22

Regulation of ventilation: basic rhythm

Back 22

Respiratory Center 1. Medullary respiratory Center- dorsal respiratory group➡ communicate with respiratory muscles

Ventral respiratory group➡ communicate with abdominal muscles plus internal intercostals for forced exhale

Pre botzinger neurons➡ communicate to the drg/ adapt the transition between inhale and exhale

Front 23

Modifications to basic rhythm

Back 23

Chemoreceptors • Central chemoreceptors➡ located in medulla➡ monitor pH pco2 in CSF

Peripheral chemoreceptors➡ located in arotic Arch and carotid sinus➡ monitor pH pco2 po2 (normal stimulus to breathe High pco2 not low po2)

Front 24

Function of kidneys

Back 24

Regulate water and electrolyte balance ,excretion of metabolic wastes, hormones, drugs

Front 25

Kidneys regulation

Back 25

Blood volume, blood pH, chemical composition of body fluids, calcium homeostasis, regulate red blood cell production

Front 26

Kidneys

Back 26

Front 27

Glomerular filtration

Back 27

Glomerular filtration rate(GFR)= volume of filtrate you farm per minute

Front 28

What determines what gets filtered

Back 28

The filtration membrane- selection based on size and charge

Front 29

What determines how much gets filtered

Back 29

BP in glomerulus

Front 30

How do kidneys keep GFR constant despite fluctuations in systemic BP

Back 30

Front 31

How is resistance of afferent and efferent arteriole regulated( how do we regulate GFR)

Back 31

Neural regulation( sympathetic stimulation)

Hormonal regulation( epinephrine, Angiotensin II,ANP)

Autoregulation- myogenic mechanism

- tubuloglomerular feedback (tubular reabsorption)

Hint 31

Front 32

Proximal convoluted tubule

Back 32

Na+/K+ pumps in basolateral membrane creates na+ gradient

Use gradient to reabsorb glucose and amino acids

Water follows by osmosis

Paracellular reabsorption of K+, Ca2+ by diffusion

Primary active transport is sodium potassium pumps

Secondary active transport is using the gradient

Reabsorb hco3 by feedback loop

Hint 32

Front 33

Descending Loop of henle

Back 33

Reabsorb H2O by osmosis

No ions reabsorbed

Front 34

Ascending Loop of henle

Back 34

Na+/K+ pumps create Na+ gradient

Use gradient to reabsorb Na+/2Cl-/K+

No H2O reabsorbs because no channels

Hint 34

Front 35

Distal convoluted tubule (hormonal)

Back 35

Ca2+ is only in the presence of parathyroid hormone

K+/Na+ gradient

Hint 35

Front 36

Collecting duct

Back 36

Adding new HCO-3

Urinate out the H+

Secrete more H+in presence of aldosteron

Hint 36

Front 37

Dilute and concentrated urine production

Back 37

Blood➡300mosm/l

New filtrate➡300 mosm/l

Urine:dilute➡50-100mosm/l

Urine:concentrate➡1200mosm/l

Dilute urine has no ADH ( deeper into medulla the more concentrated the I.F. will be)

Front 38

Why is the concentration of I.F. in medulla so high

Back 38

Counter-current multiplication by Loop of henle create high concentration

Counter-current exchange by Visa recta allows High concentration to persist

Front 39

Acid/base

Back 39

Hint 39