Physio Test 1 - Neuroanatomy

Front 1

Clusters of axons

Back 1

white matter (tracts)

Front 2

Clusters of cell bodies

Back 2

gray matter (cortex on periphery; nuclei in deep)

Front 3

Lateral ventricles located in

Back 3

cerebrum

Front 4

3rd ventricle

Back 4

diencephalon

Front 5

cerebral aqueduct

Back 5

midbrain **is thinnest part of vetricular system, most vulnerable to problems.

Front 6

4th ventricle

Back 6

pons/medulla

Front 7

central canal

Back 7

spinal cord

Front 8

Hydrocephalus

Back 8

buildup of CSF causes dilation of ventricles

Front 9

Parts of Frontal Lobe

Back 9

prefrontal cortex, precentral gyrus, Broca's area

Front 10

Prefrontal Cortex

Back 10

executive functions - thinking, problem-solving

Front 11

Broca's area

Back 11

located in frontal lobe of dominant hemisphere; functions in motor control of language

Front 12

Precentral gyrus

Back 12

in frontal lobe; is primary motor cortex

Front 13

Central Sulcus

Back 13

separates frontal and parietal lobes

Front 14

postcentral gyrus

Back 14

located in parietal lobe; somatosensory function

Front 15

Occipital lobe

Back 15

vision

Front 16

Temporal Lobe

Back 16

Wernicke's area, superior gyrus, hippocampus, uncus. hearing and other functions

Front 17

Wernicke's Area

Back 17

found in temporal lobe of dominant hemisphere; involved in language reception

Front 18

Superior Gyrus

Back 18

audition

Front 19

hippocampus

Back 19

short-term memory

Front 20

uncus

Back 20

olfaction

Front 21

Cerebellum

Back 21

motor functions

Front 22

Brainstem

Back 22

ascending and descending info; cranial nerves

Front 23

Corpus Callosum

Back 23

composed of white matter (axons) that go btw 2 hemispheres

Front 24

Cingulate Gyrus

Back 24

emotion/motivation

Front 25

Calcarine sulcus

Back 25

fissure surrounded by primary visual cortex

Front 26

Somatotrophy

Back 26

"body geography," neurons that deal with regions of the body are grouped into common areas.

Front 27

Internal Capsule

Back 27

anterior limb brings in sensory info; posterior limb takes motor info out

Front 28

Basal Ganglia

Back 28

putamen, globus palladus, caudate nucleus. motor relay

Front 29

Insula

Back 29

taste

Front 30

thalamus

Back 30

sensory relay

Front 31

Calcarinne sulcus

Back 31

primary visual cortex is on the banks of this sulcus

Front 32

Myers' Loop

Back 32

carries info from the upper visual field and synapses on the lingula - lower division

Front 33

Cuneus

Back 33

above the lingula, info from lower visual field maps here - upper division.

Front 34

Right eye - left visual path

Back 34

temporal retina, optic disk, optic nerve, stays on the R side of the optic chiasm, R optic tracts, synapse at R LGN, R primary visual cortex

Front 35

Right eye - right visual path

Back 35

nasal retina, optic disk, optic nerve, crosses over at optic chiasm, L optic tract, synapses at L LGN, L primary visual cortex

Front 36

homonymous hemianopsia

Back 36

visual field loss on one side of vertical midline; loss same in both eyes.

Front 37

Pupillary Light Reflex

Back 37

If light is shined into one eye, that pupil constricts (direct response) and the contralateral pupil also constricts (consensual resopnse)

Front 38

pupil constriction

Back 38

ganglion cells of retina project bilaterally to pretectal nuclei, which project (via posterior commissure) uncrossed/crossed fibers to both Edinger-Westphal nuclei. This gives rise to pregang PS fibers which exit midbrain w/ CN3 and synapse w/ postgang in ciliary gang. These neurons innervate sphincter.

Front 39

pupil dilation

Back 39

Hypothalamic outflow to the intermediolateral column of the thoracic cord, to superior cervical ganglion, to dilator muscle.

Front 40

Horner's syndrome

Back 40

transection of descending info from hypothalamus to preganglionic sympathetic neurons. usually unilateral. miosis, ptosis, anhidrosis.

Front 41

Argyll-Robertson Pupil

Back 41

pupil small and able to be constricted by accommodation (focal pt near nose) but not in response to light.

Front 42

Abducens nerve

Back 42

controls lateral rectus - look laterally

Front 43

Occulomotor nerve

Back 43

controls medial rectus - look medially (as well as eyelid)

Front 44

To look horizontally

Back 44

one eye looks lat (involves abducens nerve on that side) and the other eye looks medially (involves occulomotor on that side)

Front 45

Abducens nerve contains...

Back 45

motor neurons whose axons form CN VI and interneurons who leave abducens nucleus, cross MLF and ascend to occulomotor, synapse on motor neurons who innervate contralateral medial rectus.

Front 46

voluntary horizontal gaze

Back 46

moving both eyes horiz is initiated by frontal eye fields in cerebral cortex

Front 47

involuntary horizontal gaze

Back 47

head turns one direction, eyes shift in the other to maintain constant visual picture

Front 48

transection of optic nerve

Back 48

ipsilateral blindness

Front 49

mid-sagittal transection of optic chiasm

Back 49

bitemporal hemianopia - aka loss of vision from outer parts of both eyes. often due to pituitary tumor

Front 50

bilateral compression of optic chiasm

Back 50

binasal hemanopia, aka loss of vision from parts that don't cross over. often due to calcified ICA.

Front 51

transection of optic tract

Back 51

contralateral hemanopia

Front 52

midbrain shape

Back 52

shorts

Front 53

pons shape

Back 53

bat

Front 54

mid-medulla shape

Back 54

moth

Front 55

caudal medulla shape

Back 55

circle

Front 56

Circle of WIllis

Back 56

internal carotid, posterior cerebral, posterior communicating, middle cerebral, anterior cerebral, anterior communicating

Front 57

branches of basilar

Back 57

posterior cerebral, pontines, superior cerebellar, AICA

Front 58

branches of vertebral

Back 58

posterior spinal, anterior spinal, PICA

Front 59

ACA

Back 59

runs up longitudinal fissure, supplies frontal/parietal. Some executive function, motor/sensory of lower limb (pre/postcentral gyrus)

Front 60

MCA

Back 60

runs through lateral fissure, supplies parts of frontal/parietal/temporal. some executive function, motor/sensory of trunk, arm, head, face (pre/post); lenticulostriate arteries go internal to basal ganglia, internal capsule, thalamus
**Broca's and Wernicke

Front 61

PCA

Back 61

temporal/occipital. vision

Front 62

dorsal horn

Back 62

sensory

Front 63

ventral horn

Back 63

motor

Front 64

cervical spinal cord shape

Back 64

duck feet

Front 65

thoracic spinal cord shape

Back 65

face mask

Front 66

lumbar spinal cord shape

Back 66

butterfly

Front 67

sacral spinal cord shape

Back 67

shamrock

Front 68

midbrain supply

Back 68

PCA

Front 69

Pons supply

Back 69

pontines (medial), AICA (lat)

Front 70

midmedulla supply

Back 70

AS, vertebral, PICA moving lat

Front 71

caudal medulla supply

Back 71

AS, Vertebral, PS moving lat

Front 72

spinal cord supply

Back 72

AS - bilateral anterior (sensory and motor); PS - unilateral (sensory)

Front 73

DCLM function

Back 73

carries fine touch, pressure, vibration info from body

Front 74

spinothalamic function

Back 74

carries pain/temp info from body

Front 75

Trigeminal Lemniscal function

Back 75

carries fine touch, vibration, pressure info from face

Front 76

spinal trigeminal function

Back 76

carries pain/temp info from face

Front 77

DCML path

Back 77

large, myelinated axons (cell body in DRG) enter spinal cord @ dorsal column ; ascend to lower medula, synapse in dorsal column (gracilus, cuneatus), cross over @ medial lemniscus, ascend to contralateral VPL in thalamus, synapse, go to postcentral gyrus

Front 78

spinothalmic path

Back 78

small-diameter unmyelinated axons (cell body in DRG) enter lateral dorsal root, synapse immediately in dorsal horn. 2nd axon crosses cord in anterior white matter commissure to anterolateral cord. Axon goes up to VPL in thymus, synapses. final axon goes to postcentral gyrus.

Front 79

Redundancy and pain

Back 79

when axons enter dorsal horn, they can branch to adjacent segments (Lissaur's tracts), so they can convey pain info in another way. Clinically, this makes pain hard to eradicate.

Front 80

Trigeminal path - fine touch, pressure

Back 80

3 peripheral branches of TG nerve carry sensory info from face, have cell bodies in TG ganglion. Fibers terminate in principle sensory nucleus (larger, myelinated); cross over, ascend contralateral brainstem, form TG tract, go to VPM, Project axons to ipsilateral postcentral gyrus via internal capsule

Front 81

Trigeminal path - pain/temp

Back 81

3 peripheral branches of TG nerve carry sensory info from face, have cell bodies in TG ganglion. enter @ level of pons (smaller, unmyelinated) and descend to spinal trigeminal nucleus. Cross over, ascend contralaterally, form TG tract, go to VPM. project axons to ipsilateral postcentral gyrus via internal capsule.