Physio Ii Metabolism

Front 1

Energy STORAGE

Back 1

Anabolic/Building

Front 2

Energy MOBILIZATION

Back 2

Catabolic/Breaking Down

Front 3

Besides storage & Mobilization what is the 3rd main direction of metabolism? (Dep on fuel avail)

Back 3

Conversions

Front 4

fuel stores are interconnected thru

Back 4

spinal column of C compounds by a MULT of pathways

Front 5

Direction of Pathways are controlled by (give 4)

Back 5

1.Horm
2.Nervous System
3.ATP/ADP ratios
4.accum of intermed/endproducts

Front 6

what det cat/ana

Back 6

Hormones

Front 7

main hormones

Back 7

insulin & glucagon

Front 8

Emergency hormones

Back 8

cortisol & epinephrine

Front 9

Back up hormones

Back 9

Thyroid & Growth Hormone

Front 10

Explain how we get gluc

Back 10

-glucose from food
-if cant, then glycogen from LIVER
-if cant, make new via GlucoNEOgenisi

Front 11

synthesis of new glucose from precursors=

Back 11

glucoNEOgenisis

Front 12

Storing Glucose=

Back 12

Glyco-genesis

Front 13

releasing stored glucose=
*think "L" letting Loose that stored up glucose!!...2L's

Back 13

gLycogenoLysis

Front 14

Gluc-Dep tissues..
*remember..
Nervous,RRR,hands down...

Back 14

Nerv System
Retins, RBC's, Renal Med
gonads, Fetus, lactation

Front 15

main level of Gluc=

Back 15

80-120 mg Glc/dl

Front 16

below 80 =

Back 16

irratibility.<80=seizures

Front 17

<50=

Back 17

coma

Front 18

<20=

Back 18

death

Front 19

preferred order of what body will burn for energy=

Back 19

glucose..if non..then fat..then protein

Front 20

Hyper=
Norm=
Hypo=

Back 20

Hyper >120
Norm 80-120
Hypo<80

Front 21

what 3 hormones respond by (INC in blood gluc)=

Back 21

1.Glucagon
2. Cortisol
3. Norepinephrine

Front 22

What responds when (careful here..) blood glucose is increased?

Back 22

insulin increases

Front 23

What can reverse in glucose trapping?
(irreversible everywhere else..)
when we say reversable we mean these tissues can "give back" blood glucose after it goes into the cell.

Back 23

-Liver
-Kidneys
-GI cells
can all reverse blood glucose

Front 24

main organ contributing to glucose homeostasis=

Back 24

liver

Front 25

most tissues hurry and ....do what to Gluc

Back 25

Phosphorylize to Gluc-6-P--->now can diffuse back out

Front 26

is Liver glucose dependent?

Back 26

NO (it does have perm GLUTS in membrane though) thats why we say Gluc-Dep + Liver......

Front 27

fac Diff only when

Back 27

insulin present

Front 28

Fate of energy

Back 28

Gain(Catabolic)
Storage (anabolic)

Front 29

tell me the 2 ways energy can be gained:

Back 29

Anaerobic
Aerobic

Front 30

Aerobic Conditions:

Back 30

glycoloysis-AcetylCoA-Krebs-ETC
(in the Aer we get glycoloysis(same in both...and here we get Ace&Kreb ETC..)

Front 31

Anaerobic Conditions:

Back 31

Glycolysis -lactic Acid/lactate formation

(lay around and not exercise you get Glycolysis (same in both) but here you get lactic acid)

Front 32

Energy Storage=

Back 32

Anabolic
1. Glycogen
2. Conversion of Glc into Fatty Acids
3.Protein Pool

Front 33

are Anabolic and Catabolic on at same time?

Back 33

yes

Front 34

Fac Diff needs 2 things:

Back 34

1. transporter(big channel type protein) GLUTS
2. Concentration gradient
...then glucose can diff

Front 35

hypoglycemia means we need=

Back 35

Glucagon
Cortisol or
Norepinephrine

Front 36

Hyperglycemia

Back 36

Insulin

Front 37

Hyperglycemia ex she gave

Back 37

D. Mellitis-inc osmolality-water influx

Front 38

Insulin does what

Back 38

puts away blood glucose
and
stim tiss to use it

Front 39

sorry to through this in from 2nd page but i dont want her to ask us and us not know..
C6=

Back 39

hexose

Front 40

C3=

Back 40

Pyruvate & glycerol

Front 41

C2 =

Back 41

Acetyl Group

Front 42

C1=

Back 42

Carbon Dioxide

Front 43

Glycolysis/Catabolic/Aerobic Conditions....so where does Glycolysis take place?

Back 43

Cytoplasm

Front 44

Glycolysis(cytoplasm)=?=?

fyi..think the enzymes for glycolysis are all in the cytoplasm

Back 44

splitting of C6 into 2(C3's)
=pyruvates

Front 45

point of glycolysis is (explain "splitting" reason...next question we'll explain the other purposes..)

Back 45

to split glucose molecule from 6 carbons into 2 pyruvates 3 carbons each...pyruvates can fit into mitochondria

Front 46

purpose of glycolysis

Back 46

ok yatta yatta (we know to split..)
-ATP is generated (2) per gluc
-NADH2...(glucose' chem energy is transferred/stored via Hydrogen in the form of NADH/H+ for entry into the ETC!!)

Front 47

what is NADH2

Back 47

glucose' chem energy is transferred/stored via Hydrogen in the form of NADH/H+ for entry into the ETC

Front 48

What enter Mitocondria?

Back 48

pyruvate C3

Front 49

after Pyruvate enter Mito ...

Back 49

is Decarboxylated to Acetyl Group
=C2

Front 50

after C3 goes to C2 (de-carn-oxylated to acetyl group) C2 does what!

Back 50

hooks up with Coenzyme A (=AcetylCoA)

Front 51

Once we have Acetyl CoA..

Back 51

Ready to enter Kreb Cycle baby!!

Front 52

so again... why do we need aerobic/glycolysis pathway!
(give 2 reasons)

Back 52

-prod ATP (2 per gluc)
-prod some reduce Co Factor:NADH2
(and yes that's what she said..reduce CoFactor...whatever she's German..)

Front 53

Why is NADH2 always important

Back 53

b/c it takes over the energy rich HYDROGEN ions from the incoming substrate

Front 54

Why is NADH2 always important

Back 54

-energy is contained in their bond
-in the end the energy goes to ETC

Front 55

Why is NADH2 always important
(one more time..tell me)

Back 55

this is a carrier for Chem Energy to transport this energy later to the ETC!!

-We need glycolysis in order to CATabolize gluc totally in the Krebs cycle and ETC and unless it's made smaller it wont fit in the Mitocondria so..split into pyruvate and waalaa into Mito (& we get ATP and energy tran to the H & ready for ETC)

Front 56

Whats the next step after Glycolytic Pathway

Back 56

Enter in Mitocondria

Front 57

What happens whe we come into the Mito-con-dria!!

Back 57

loose a Carbon becomes C2

Front 58

now that we're inside the Mitocondria and we've paid up by give a Carbon away..what happens?

Back 58

now we just have a run of the mill Acetyl group C2...and it immediately wants a date so it hooks up with co-facto--Co-enzyme A
(=Acetyl CoA)

Front 59

Acetyl CoA is ready for??

Back 59

KREBS CYCLE

Front 60

Urine pH and drug elimination

Trapped in acidic environments.

Back 60

Weak bases

Thus treat OD with a strong acid to trap them in the tubules = ammonium chloride

Front 61

Would you say Kreb Cycle produces energy?

Back 61

No

Front 62

so Acetyl CoA enters Kreb Cycle and what happens

Back 62

you got it...once again
DE-CARB-oxylation AND also De-hydration....)

Front 63

So Kreb Cycle is basically

Back 63

series of enzymatic degredations
1.De-Carb-oxylation
2.De-hydration

Front 64

Explain what happens from entrance of the AcetylCoA into Krebs..

Back 64

Carbons fly off (waste)
*chem energy trans to more co-factores=NAD & NADH2

Front 65

how many ATPs does Kreb make?

Back 65

1 ATP

Front 66

Kreb Cycle is where

Back 66

Mitocondria

Front 67

Kreb Cycle =

Back 67

2 CO2
1ATP
8 Hydrogens atoms (NADH/H+)

Front 68

What does AcetylCoA hook up with in the Krebs?

Back 68

OAA (C4)

Front 69

so OAA(C4) +(C2 the acetyl CoA)=

Back 69

CITRIC ACID

C4+C2=Citric Acid C6

Front 70

then what happens to C6

Back 70

De-Carb-oxylations and dehydrations ending again in OAA

Front 71

Kreb Cycle starts and ends with?

Back 71

OAA

Front 72

most important outcome of glucose oxidation in the Krebs Cycle is making______?

Back 72

making the ENERGY RICH hydrogen ions avail for future oxidation in the ETC!!!!!!!!!

Front 73

What are some additional jobs of the Kreb :)

Back 73

synth Fat ass & AA
synth gluc
synth comBUSTion of fat ass & AA
(Kreb is a busy dude...)

Front 74

what the "stored" energy that we're gonna use for ETC?

Back 74

NADH/H+

Front 75

Why is NADH2 always important( or aka NADH/H+) ??

Back 75

NADH2 is transferred to ATP=Oxidative Phosphorylation

Front 76

ETC=

Back 76

series of electron carriers integrated into the INNER mitochondrial membrane.....energy stored NADH2 is transferred to ATP=oxidat phosph

Front 77

the Oxi Pho leads to (3) important things

Back 77

-gen of ATp
-regeneration of NAD
-formation of water out of the remaining protons & oxygen

Front 78

What goes in ETC?

Back 78

NADH2

Front 79

what comes out ETC?

Back 79

-ATP=energy carrier*
-NAD=regenerated
-Water
**MUST HAVE OXY or cant use ETC**

Front 80

What if no oxygen is avail for ETC?

Back 80

NADH2 will pile up

Front 81

What if NADH2 piles up? What consequence on Kreb cycle?

Back 81

Kreb can't work without NAD

Front 82

If we dont regenerate NAD can NADH2 thats avail make Kreb work?

Back 82

Nope
=inhibition

Front 83

What if Kreb doesnt run?

Back 83

Acetyl CoA piles up

Front 84

If Kreb Cycle stops and Acetyl CoA piles up then....

Back 84

pyruvate can't be converted to Acetyl

Front 85

If pyruvate piles up....

Back 85

Glycolytic pathway stops
(-ATP production would cease totally)

Front 86

Prod accumulation @ end of a reaction (when no co-factor avail) .....

Back 86

a reaction will come to a stand still

Front 87

this situation is what we call?

Back 87

Anaerobic situation (lack of oxygen)

Front 88

what can cause lack of oxy?

Back 88

-decreased Circulation
-Ischemic (maybe mini stroke)
-compression of vessels
-increase sympath tone (inc HR,dec dig,contracting blood vess)
-EXERCISE
-Generalized anemia

Front 89

So what needs to happen to keep glycolysis OPEN for business?

Back 89

-Pyruvate must be removed
-NAD regenerated via LACTATE

Front 90

Pyruvate is reduced to lactic Acid by?

Back 90

LDH (lactate dehydrogenase hormone)

Front 91

Pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid by LDH this generates?

Back 91

NAD ( so now some ATP can still be generated via glycogenolysis)

Front 92

What is the main energy pathway for RBC's?

Back 92

Anaerobic (b/c they have no Mitocondria)

Front 93

so now we got Lactic Acid...what now?

Back 93

need to get rid of it..certain places like heart & liver..can help us out with getting rid of it b/c they rarely run out of O2..)

Front 94

LDH converts?

Back 94

Pyruvate to Lactic Acid

AND

Lactic Acid back to Pyruvate

Front 95

pyruvate + H2 =
(with LDH help)

Back 95

Lactic acid

Front 96

once lactic acid is changed back to pyruvate (thanks to LDH) what do we see?

Back 96

aerobic pathway-back to Krebs--ETC-enters glucoNEOgenisis in liver to produce new glucose

Front 97

what do heart and liver do to help keep us from building up lactic acid ...

Back 97

they help get lactate back on aerobic track--> pyruvate-> Krebs-> ETC

Front 98

LDH converts

Back 98

lactate to pyruvate
-found where we have anaerobic
-found in Skelatal Musc
-RBS
-Liver,GI,Kidney
-theoretically not in Plasma but LDH can mean tiss damage

Front 99

LDH

Back 99

converts lactate back to Pyruvate

Front 100

LDH

Back 100

should only be found in small amount in plasma

Front 101

LDH found where?

Back 101

Muscle
liver
RBC
GI tract
kideys
(and if there is tissue damage-inplasma..little is normal..)

Front 102

excess glucose stored as

Back 102

glycogen in Liver and muscle
(use later for glucogenesis)

Front 103

is glycogen osmotically active?

Back 103

no

Front 104

main glycogen storing organs are

Back 104

Liver-6% max of own weight
muscle-1% max

Front 105

when small gluc-chains form in alpha 1-4 linkages....

Back 105

Branching Enzyme transferes groups of 6 glc units as side chains in alpha 1-6 linkages =branched carbohydrate

Front 106

in glucose is needed for energy

Back 106

glycogen broken down to Glc-6-P= Glycogenolysis

Front 107

glycogenolysis requires

Back 107

de-branching enzyme

Front 108

for Glc-6-phosphate to get into circ we need

Back 108

Phosphatase

Front 109

Is phosphatase found in muscle cells?

Back 109

NO, only hepatic glycogenolysis can increase blood glucose levels

Front 110

Muscle glycogenolysis

Back 110

increases Muscle energy supply

Front 111

blood glucose low & glycogen stores empty=

Back 111

glucose synthesized to supply Gluc-Dep tissues=GLUCO-NEO-GENISIS (liver & Kid)

Front 112

Gluco-neo precursors are

Back 112

many AA
lactate
Propionate out of Fermentation
Glycerol from triglyceride breakdown

Front 113

Precursor enter Krebs and are..

Back 113

pulled out of cytoplasm as OAA/Malate

-to enter gluconeo (except glycerol)

Front 114

Both ____ & ____ contain phosphatase & release free glucose into circulation

Back 114

Liver & Kid

Front 115

Lipids are

Back 115

hydrophobic (must be made soluble for transport in plasm by combining with PROTEINS

Front 116

what are lipoproteins

Back 116

lipids surrounded by a shell of hydro-philic proteins & phospholipids and specific recepto proteins=APOProteins

Front 117

VIP receptor protein=

Back 117

Apoproteins

Front 118

2 classes of lipoproteins

Back 118

-chylomicron
-VLDL

Front 119

Chylomicrons are

Back 119

formed by small intestinal ENTEROcytes AFTER absorption of lipids

Front 120

VLDL are formed...

Back 120

by LIVER cells
-after PRODUCTION of new lipids

Front 121

Chylo/VLDL circulate and then..

Back 121

their Apoproteins bind to endo rec & act endo LPL's

Front 122

LPL's do what

Back 122

dissolve shell & hydrolyze triglycerides

Front 123

once shell dissolves and triglycerides are hydrolized....

Back 123

FREE fatty acids + glycerol diffuse into respective tiss for STORAGE & ENERGY

Front 124

After diffusion into Adi-po-cytes, what do triglycerides do?

Back 124

Reform=fat storage form

Front 125

Release of stored fat=

Back 125

Lipolysis

Front 126

how is lipolysis initiated?

Back 126

when circulating fuel levels (glc) are LOW & energy is needed

Front 127

HSL hydrolyzes
(Hey See ya Later FFA & Gly)

Back 127

triglycerides to FFA's and glycerol BACK into circulation

Front 128

FFA's bind to?

Back 128

plasma Albumin for transport
(they Al BUM a ride)=NEFA

Front 129

NEFA's deliver

Back 129

FFA's to Active tissues for energy GAIN

Front 130

FFA's can originate from

Back 130

NEFA's
VLDL's
Chylomicrons

Front 131

After cell entry FFA's

Back 131

enter mitocondria & undergo progressive release of C2 segments

Front 132

these C2 segments are

Back 132

Acetyl CoA=BETA oxidation

Front 133

Acetyl CoA enters Krebs for

Back 133

complete oxidation &
ATP generation in the ETC

Front 134

FFa's are utilized for energy GAIN by

Back 134

entering BETA-oxidation

Front 135

Beta-Oxidation releases

Back 135

Acetyl groups for use in Krebs cycle/ETC

Front 136

What diffuses into active tissues

Back 136

Glycerol

Front 137

Glycerol can

Back 137

enter glycolysis->Krebs->ETC when ATP is needed

Front 138

OR Glycerol can

Back 138

enter Gluco-NEO-genisis when glucose is needed

Front 139

Excess glucose & AA can be converted into FFA's =

Back 139

Lipo-genisis

Front 140

Lipogenisis happen in

Back 140

Liver
Fat Tissue
Mammary Gland

Front 141

What activates Lipo-genesis?

Back 141

when stores of ATP, Glycogen & Labile Protein are FULL & Glc & AA are still avail

Front 142

FFA's are ______ into ____for storage

Back 142

condensed into TG's for storage
(adipocytes only) or secreted in milk

Front 143

is Liver a fat storage site?

Back 143

NO

Front 144

Liver packs newly produced TG's into

Back 144

Lipoproteins=VLDL's

Front 145

Lipoproteins=VLDL's--->

Back 145

Exo-cytosis into circulation

Front 146

Exo-cytosis into circulation----> Fat Tissue LPL's ______
(bringing the fat in)

Back 146

hydrolyze VLDL's--->fat storage

Front 147

During Lipolytic phases the Liver

Back 147

readily takes up FFA's from NEFA's without using them for energy
=acts like a FAT SPONGE

Front 148

Liver basically pawns the fat off to other tissues (or makes it availible however you want to see it) but it gives it them out as (2 types)

Back 148

1. VLDL's
2.Ketone Bodies

Front 149

liver sponges up FFA's and NEFA's and gives out

Back 149

VLDL's & KB

Front 150

Ketone Bodies=

Back 150

accumulation Acetyl groups condense into Acetoacetic Acid & Beta-HydroxyButyrate

Front 151

KB formation

Back 151

irreversible, release into blood, other tissues take them up,

Front 152

after other tiss take up KB...

Back 152

they get changed back into Acetyl CoA-->enter KREBS/ETC for energy GAIN

Front 153

Liver Beta-oxidizes FFA for other tissues & supplies an easily ...

Back 153

usable hydroPHILic substance for energy gain (for example Neurons & muscles)

Front 154

KB are

Back 154

Physiological and VIP energy source for many tissues when glucose levels are LOW.