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50 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Law of universal gravitation
for any pair of objects, each object attracts the other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of the masses of the objects, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers of mass
Gravitational field
a force field that exists in the space around every mass or group of masses
Escape speed
the minimum speed necessary for an object to escape permanently from a gravitational field that holds it
Period
time required for a complete orbit
Amplitude
the distance from the midpoint to the crest
Wavelength
the distance from the top of the crest to the top of the following crest
Frequency:
number of events per time (units= hertz)
Crest
one of the places in a wave where the wave is highest or the disturbance is greatest
Trough
one of the places in a wave where wave is lowest
Hertz
SI unit for frequency
Standing wave
wave in which parts of the wave remain stationary and the wave appears not to be traveling. The result of interference between an incident wave and reflected wave
Blue Shift
an increase in the measured frequency of light from an approaching source; called the blue shift because the apparent increase is toward the high-frequency, or blue, en of the color spectrum.
Red Shift
a decrease in the measured frequency of light from a receding source; called the red shift because the decrease is toward the low-frequency, or red, end of the spectrum.
Shock wave
a cone-shaped wave produced by an orbit moving at supersonic speed through a fluid
Sonic boom
the sharp crack heard when the shock wave that sweeps behind a supersonic aircraft reaches the listener
Infrasonic
term applied to sound pitch too low to be heard by the human ear, that is, below 20 hertz
Ultrasonic
term applied to sound frequencies above 20,000 hertz, the normal upper limit of the human hearing
Rarefaction
a disturbance in air in which the pressure is lowered
Beats
a periodic variation in the loudness of the sound caused by interference when two tones of

slightly different frequencies are sounded together
Resonance
a phenomenon that occurs when the frequency of forced vibrations on an object matches the object’s natural frequency and a dramatic increase in amplitude results
Electromagnetic Wave
a wave that is partly electric and partly magnetic and carries energy. Emitted by vibrating electric charges
Polarization
the aligning of vibrations in a transverse wave, usually by filtering out waves of other directions
Photon
in the particle model of the electromagnetic radiation, a particle that travels only at the speed of light and whose energy is related to the frequency of the radiation in the wave model
Opaque
term applied to materials that absorb light without reemission, and consequently do not allow light through them
Spectrum
for sunlight and other white light, the spread of colors seen when the light is passed through a prism or diffraction grating
Scattering
a process in which sound or light is absorbed and reemitted in all directions
Normal
a line perpendicular to a surface
Dispersion
the separation of light into colors arranged according to their frequency, by interaction with a prism or diffraction grating, for example.
Total Internal Reflection
the 100% reflection of light that strikes the boundary between two media at an angle greater than the critical angle.
Focal Length
the distance between the center of a lens and either focal point
Diverging Lens
a lens that is thinnest in the middle and that causes parallel rays of light to diverge
Coherent
as applied to light waves, having identical frequency and identical phase, and traveling in the same direction. Lasers create coherent light.
Monochromatic
having a single color or frequency
Laser
an optical instrument that produces a beam of coherent light – that is, having the waves all the same frequency, phase and direction.
Coulomb
SI unit of charge
Induced
term applied to electric charge that has been redistributed on an object because of the
presence of a charged object nearby
Conservation of Charge
the principle that net electric charge is neither created nor destroyed but is transferable from one material to another
Electric Field
a force field that fills the space around every electric charge or group of charges.
Capacitor
a device used to store charge in a circuit
Ohm’s Law
the statement that the current in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage impressed across a circuit, and is inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit
Potential Difference
the difference in electric potential between two points
Diode
an electric device that restricts current to flow in a single direction in an electric circuit
Superconductivity
a property of material that has infinite conductivity at very low temperatures, so that charge flows through it without resistance.
Transverse Wave
a wave with vibration at right angles to the direction the wave is traveling
Longitudinal Wave
a wave in which the vibration is in the same direction as that in which the wave is traveling
Reflection
the bouncing back of particle or wave that strikes the boundary between two media.
Refraction
the change in direction of a wave as it crosses the boundary between two media in which the wave travels at different speeds.
Diffraction
the bending of a wave around a barrier, such as an obstacle or the edges of an opening.
Wave Propagation
The movement of energy through a medium in a straight line by longitudinal or transverse waves.
Wave Interference
The idea of superposition of waves. When two waves are added the resultant is just the sum of the displacements. The result can be constructive or destructive interference.