Physical Science Exam

Front 1

Atom

Back 1

The basic particle from which all elements are made

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Element

Back 2

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical or physical means

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Mixture

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Two or more substances that are mixed together but not chemically combined

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Compound

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A pure substance made of two or more substances chemically combined

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Chemical Property

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A characteristic of a pure substance that describes its ability to change into a different substance

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Chemical Change

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A change in which one or more substances combine or break apart to form new substances

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Physical Property

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A characteristic of a pure substance that can be observed without it changing into another substance.

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Physical Change

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A change in a substance that does not change its identity

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Phase changes

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A change from one state (solid, liquid, or gas) to another

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Homogenous

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A mixture in which substances are evenly distributed throughout the mixture

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Heterogenous

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A mixture in which pure substances are unevenly distributed throughout the mixture

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Molecule

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A neutral particle made of two or more atoms joined by covalent bonds

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Chemical formula

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A combination of symbols that represents the elements in a compound and their proportions

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Chemical Symbol

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A one or two letter representation of an element

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Distillation

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The act of purifying by heating and cooling

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Filtration

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The act of removing something from a gas, liquid or solid by means of a filter

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Mass v. Weight

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Mass is a measure of how much matter there is in an object while weight is a measure of the force of gravity on a object

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Density

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The ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume

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Volume

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The amount of space that matter occupys

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Conservation of Mass

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The principle stating that matter is not created or destroyed during a chemical reaction

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Exothermic v. Endothermic

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An endothermic reaction occurs when energy is taken in while an exothermic reaction occurs when energy is released in the form of heat

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Precipitate

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A solid that forms from a solution during a chemical reaction

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John Dalton

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In the early 1800's, revived the idea of the atom, had a four part theory and designed the billiard ball model

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JJ Thomson

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1800's, experimented with cathode ray tubes, credited with the discovery of the electron, made the plum pudding design

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Ernest Rutherford

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Famoud Gold Foil Experiment, discovered the nucleus and the atom is mostly empty space, designed the Nucleur Model.

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Niels Bohr

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Said the electrons orbit the nucleus in different energy levels, designed the planetary model.

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James Chadwick

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Discovered the neutron.

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Subatomic Particles

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A particle smaller than an atom

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Proton

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A positively charged particle that is part of an atom's nucleus

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Neutron

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A small particle in the nucleus of the atom with no electrical charge

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Electron

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A negatively charged particle that is found outside the nucleus of the atom

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Atomic Number

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The number of protons in the nucleus of the atom

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Atomic Mass

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The average mass of all the isotopes of an element

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Plum Pudding Model

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Designed by JJ Thompson

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Gold Foil Experiment

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An experiment by Ernest Rutherford where he used a particle emitter to shoot particles into a piece of gold foil. He expected the particle to g straight through, proving the plum pudding theory, but some particles were deflected, leading Rutherford to find the nucleus and the conclusion that the atom was mostly empty space and design the nuclear model.

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Nuclear Model

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Ernest Rutherford's atom model after completing the Gold Foil experiment

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Planetary Model

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Niels Bohr's Model where each big circle is an energy level that can only hold a certain amount of atoms.

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Isotopes

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An atom with the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons from other atoms of the same element.

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Mendeleev

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made his own version of the periodic table and predicted new elements through the old one's properties.

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Period

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A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table

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group

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A vertical column of elements in the periodic table, also called a family.

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valence electrons

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Electrons in the highest energy level of the atom involved in chemical reactions.

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energy levels

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The specific amount of energy an electron has

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metal

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A class of elements characterized by physical properties that include shininess, malleability, ductility, and conductivity

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nonmental

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An element that lacks most of the properties of metal

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Metalloids

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An element that has some characteristics of metals and nonmetals

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Families per Table

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1-Alkali Metals

2-Alkaline Earth Metals

3-12-Transition Metals

14-The Carbon Family

15-The Nitrogen Family

16-The Oxygen family

17-The Halogens

18- The Noble Gases

Below the Table- Lanthanides and Actinides

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reactivity of elements

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stable octet

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An element with 8 valence electrons, the maximum amount. It is stable and cannot react.

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Bohr Models

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Dot Diagrams

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Chemical Bond

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The force that holds atoms together

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Ionic Bond

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The attraction between oppositely charged ions.

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ion

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an atom or group of atoms that are electrically charged

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Cation

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A positively charged ion

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Anion

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a negatively charged ion

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Covalent Bond

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A chemical bon formed when two atoms share electrons

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Polar v. Nonpolar

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A polar bond is a covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally while a non polar bond is a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally/

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Single, double, and triple covalent bond

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Ionic Compounds v. Covalent

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An ionic compound is a compound that consists of positive and negative ions while a

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Subscript

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A number in a chemical formula that tells the number of atoms in a molecule or the ratio of elements in a compound.

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Chemical Equation

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A short, easy way to show a chemical reaction, using symbols

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Reactants v. Products

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A reactant is a substance that enters into a chemical reaction while a product is the substance formed as the result of a chemical reaction.

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balancing equations

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yields

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polyatomic Ions

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An ion that is made of more than one atom