Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
atomic number
|
number of protons in an atom's nucleus
|
|
nucleon number
|
total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
|
|
nucleons
|
protons and neutrons
|
|
isotopes
|
atoms of the same atomic number but different nucleon number
|
|
nuclear model
|
an atom of atomic number Z consists of a nucleus of charge +Ze surrounded by Z electrons of each charge -e
|
|
atomic orbital
|
region of space where electrons are most likely to be found, with no more than two electrons in any one orbital
|
|
shell
|
located around the nucleus, where atomic orbitals are found
|
|
principal quantum number
|
n; characterizes shells
|
|
subshell
|
s, p, d, and f
|
|
electronic configuration
|
specification of occupied orbitals
|
|
periodic table
|
atoms are arranged by atomic number
|
|
group
|
vertical column of periodic table
|
|
period
|
row in periodic table
|
|
valence shell
|
outermost shell of an atom
|
|
block
|
divides periodic table according to the subshell that is last to be occupied in the formation of the electronic configuration of the atom
|
|
transition metals
|
members of the d block
|
|
inner transition metals
|
members of the f block
|
|
lanthanoids
|
upper row of the f block
|
|
actinoids
|
lower row of the f block
|
|
alkali metals
|
Group 1 of the periodic table
|
|
alkaline earth metals
|
Group 2 of the periodic table (Ca, Sr, and Ba)
|
|
halogens
|
Group 17 of the periodic table
|
|
noble gases
|
Group 18 of the periodic table
|
|
nonmetals
|
elements towards the right of the periodic table
|
|
metals
|
elements towards the left of the periodic table
|
|
metalloids
|
elements with properties intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals
|
|
ion
|
electrically charged atom
|
|
anion
|
negatively charged atom
|
|
cation
|
positively charged atom
|
|
oxidation number
|
charge number of an ion
|
|
oxidation state
|
the physical state of an atom with a specified oxidation number
|
|
chemical bond
|
the link between atoms
|
|
ionic compound
|
cations and anions arranged in a crystalline array
|
|
formula unit
|
smallest version of an ionic compound
|
|
covalent compound
|
arrangement of discrete molecules
|
|
covalent
|
bond consisting of shared pairs of electrons
|
|
Lewis structure
|
configuration in which bonds are shown as lines and lone pairs of electrons are shown as dots
|
|
lone pair
|
couplet of valence electrons that are not used in bonding
|
|
octet
|
eight electrons
|
|
single bond
|
a shared pair of electrons
|
|
double bond
|
two shared pairs of electrons
|
|
triple bond
|
three shared pairs of electrons
|
|
hypervalent
|
able to form more bonds than the octet rule would allow or form more bonds to a smaller number of atoms
|
|
resonance
|
a blending of more than one Lewis structure that distributes multiple-bond character over the molecule
|
|
valence-shell electron repulsion theory
|
the simplest approach to the prediction of molecular shape
|
|
polar
|
corresponding to an unequal sharing of an electron pair
|
|
electronegativity
|
the ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself when part of a molecule
|
|
electric dipole
|
the juxtaposition of equal and opposite partial charges
|
|
electric dipole moment
|
a measure of the separation of positive and negative electric charges (polarity)
|
|
bulk matter
|
large numbers of atoms, ions, or molecules
|
|
solid
|
a form of matter that adapts and maintains a shape that is independent of the container it occupies
|
|
liquid
|
a form of matter that adopts the shape of the part of the container it occupies
|
|
gas
|
a form of matter that immediately fills any container it occupies
|
|
condensed state
|
a condition in which the particles of matter are very close together
|
|
fluid
|
matter that flows in response to forces
|
|
mass
|
a measure of the quantity of matter present
|
|
volume
|
a measure of the quantity of space a sample occupies
|
|
amount of substance
|
a measure of the number of specified entities present
|
|
extensive property
|
depends on the amount of substance present in a sample
|
|
intensive property
|
independent of the amount of substance
|
|
Avogadro's constant
|
number of entities per mole
|
|
molar mass of a substance
|
weight per mole of a sample's atoms, molecules, or formula units
|
|
pressure
|
force divided by area
|
|
standard pressure
|
1 bar (10^5 Pa)
|
|
temperature
|
a property that determines in which direction energy will flow as heat when two samples are placed in contact through thermally conducting walls
|
|
thermodynamic temperature
|
an absolute scale with T = 0 as the lowest point
|
|
Kelvin scale
|
gradations of temperature defined by setting the triple point of water at exactly 273.16 K
|
|
kelvin
|
unit of the SI scale for temperature
|
|
Celsius scale
|
commonly used method for everyday measurements of temperature
|
|
perfect gas
|
an idealized fluid
|
|
gas constant
|
R = 8.314 J/K*mol; universal
|
|
energy
|
the capacity to do work
|
|
kinetic energy
|
work capacity something possesses as a result of its motion
|
|
potential energy
|
work capacity something possesses as a result of its position
|
|
acceleration of free fall
|
g = 9.81 m/s^2
|
|
Coulomb potential energy
|
work capacity of the electrostatic interaction between two point electric charges
|
|
charge number
|
positive for cations; negative for anions
|
|
vacuum permittivity
|
a fundamental constant; E0 = 8.854 x 10^-12 C^2/J*m
|
|
permittivity
|
the measure of the resistance that is encountered when forming an electric field in a medium
|
|
relative permittivity
|
dielectric constant; reflects the extent to which a given material concentrates electrostatic lines of flux
|
|
total energy
|
the sum of potential and kinetic work capacities
|