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81 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
atomic number
number of protons in an atom's nucleus
nucleon number
total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
nucleons
protons and neutrons
isotopes
atoms of the same atomic number but different nucleon number
nuclear model
an atom of atomic number Z consists of a nucleus of charge +Ze surrounded by Z electrons of each charge -e
atomic orbital
region of space where electrons are most likely to be found, with no more than two electrons in any one orbital
shell
located around the nucleus, where atomic orbitals are found
principal quantum number
n; characterizes shells
subshell
s, p, d, and f
electronic configuration
specification of occupied orbitals
periodic table
atoms are arranged by atomic number
group
vertical column of periodic table
period
row in periodic table
valence shell
outermost shell of an atom
block
divides periodic table according to the subshell that is last to be occupied in the formation of the electronic configuration of the atom
transition metals
members of the d block
inner transition metals
members of the f block
lanthanoids
upper row of the f block
actinoids
lower row of the f block
alkali metals
Group 1 of the periodic table
alkaline earth metals
Group 2 of the periodic table (Ca, Sr, and Ba)
halogens
Group 17 of the periodic table
noble gases
Group 18 of the periodic table
nonmetals
elements towards the right of the periodic table
metals
elements towards the left of the periodic table
metalloids
elements with properties intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals
ion
electrically charged atom
anion
negatively charged atom
cation
positively charged atom
oxidation number
charge number of an ion
oxidation state
the physical state of an atom with a specified oxidation number
chemical bond
the link between atoms
ionic compound
cations and anions arranged in a crystalline array
formula unit
smallest version of an ionic compound
covalent compound
arrangement of discrete molecules
covalent
bond consisting of shared pairs of electrons
Lewis structure
configuration in which bonds are shown as lines and lone pairs of electrons are shown as dots
lone pair
couplet of valence electrons that are not used in bonding
octet
eight electrons
single bond
a shared pair of electrons
double bond
two shared pairs of electrons
triple bond
three shared pairs of electrons
hypervalent
able to form more bonds than the octet rule would allow or form more bonds to a smaller number of atoms
resonance
a blending of more than one Lewis structure that distributes multiple-bond character over the molecule
valence-shell electron repulsion theory
the simplest approach to the prediction of molecular shape
polar
corresponding to an unequal sharing of an electron pair
electronegativity
the ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself when part of a molecule
electric dipole
the juxtaposition of equal and opposite partial charges
electric dipole moment
a measure of the separation of positive and negative electric charges (polarity)
bulk matter
large numbers of atoms, ions, or molecules
solid
a form of matter that adapts and maintains a shape that is independent of the container it occupies
liquid
a form of matter that adopts the shape of the part of the container it occupies
gas
a form of matter that immediately fills any container it occupies
condensed state
a condition in which the particles of matter are very close together
fluid
matter that flows in response to forces
mass
a measure of the quantity of matter present
volume
a measure of the quantity of space a sample occupies
amount of substance
a measure of the number of specified entities present
extensive property
depends on the amount of substance present in a sample
intensive property
independent of the amount of substance
Avogadro's constant
number of entities per mole
molar mass of a substance
weight per mole of a sample's atoms, molecules, or formula units
pressure
force divided by area
standard pressure
1 bar (10^5 Pa)
temperature
a property that determines in which direction energy will flow as heat when two samples are placed in contact through thermally conducting walls
thermodynamic temperature
an absolute scale with T = 0 as the lowest point
Kelvin scale
gradations of temperature defined by setting the triple point of water at exactly 273.16 K
kelvin
unit of the SI scale for temperature
Celsius scale
commonly used method for everyday measurements of temperature
perfect gas
an idealized fluid
gas constant
R = 8.314 J/K*mol; universal
energy
the capacity to do work
kinetic energy
work capacity something possesses as a result of its motion
potential energy
work capacity something possesses as a result of its position
acceleration of free fall
g = 9.81 m/s^2
Coulomb potential energy
work capacity of the electrostatic interaction between two point electric charges
charge number
positive for cations; negative for anions
vacuum permittivity
a fundamental constant; E0 = 8.854 x 10^-12 C^2/J*m
permittivity
the measure of the resistance that is encountered when forming an electric field in a medium
relative permittivity
dielectric constant; reflects the extent to which a given material concentrates electrostatic lines of flux
total energy
the sum of potential and kinetic work capacities