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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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biological explanations of behavior
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physiological
ontogenetic evolutionary functional |
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ontogenetic explanation
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how a structure or behavior develops, including the influences of genes, nutrition, experiences and their interaction
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physiological explanation
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relates behavior to acticvity of brain and other organs
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evolutionary explanation
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reconstructs the evolutionary history of a structure or behavior
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functional explanation
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describes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did
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heritability-environsex-limited genesment
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direct- degree that genetic expression prevails, independent of environment
indirect- limitations imposed by genetics |
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sex-linked genes
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genes located on the sex chromosome
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sex-limited genes
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genes that can be present in both sexes but only active in one
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sources of variation in genes
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mutation and recombination
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RNA
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single strand of 4 complementary bases
directs formation of proteins different types |
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human genome project
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identify harmful conditions prior to expression
preventive measures |
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have humans stopped evolving?
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NO, reproduction more important to evolution than survival
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Lamarckian Evolution
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utilizing or building certain body structures will pass on to offspring. Ex.- running everyday, child will be olympic runner.
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Experimental design
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somatic intervention, behavior intervention, correlational approach
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Methods of experimenting
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lesion,stimulation, recording, histological techniques
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Uses for animals in research
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1. easier to address underlying mechanisms
2. process or function is highlighted 3. shed light on human evolution 4. certain experiments unethical in humans 5. study animals for their own sake |
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Ethics of research
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must follow guidelines, governmental regulations, risk/ benefit ratio
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CNS is composed of:
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brain and spinal cord
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cell membrane is
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bilipid layer
protein receptors embedded in membrane-transmembrane organization |
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nervous system is composed of two cells:
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neurons and glia
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cytoplasm contains:
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mitochondria, ribosomes, ER, golgi bodies, lysosomes, microfilaments, microtubules, nucleus
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mitochondria
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aerobic energy metabolism
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ribosomes
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protein synthesis
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golgi bodies
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packaging agent
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lysosomes
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intracellular digestive system
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cell body of a motor neuron is located:
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in the spinal cord. the presynaptic terminals connect to the muscle fiber
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types of neurons
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sensory (afferent) info into a structure
motor (efferent) info away from structure interneurons |
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glial cells
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exchange chemicals with adjacent neurons. no transmissions over long distances
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astrocytes
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star shaped, helps synchronize activity of axons. allows them to send messages in waves
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microglia
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remove waste material as well as viruses, fungi and other microorganisms. small.
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oligodendrocyte
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build myelin sheath in brain and spinal cord
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Schwann cells
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build myelin sheath in PNS
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Radial glia
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guide the migration of neurons during embryonic development
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glia cell function
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support, nutritive, insulation, phagocytosis, myelination, guidewires for regrowth.
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BBB structure
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astrocytes and endothelial cells tightly bunched
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BBB function
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protect brain from harmful substances
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BBB mechanism of action
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allows small and fat soluble molecules to pass freely, large ones not though. active transport.
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fuel for brain
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oxygen, glucose, ketones (if no glucose available), thiamine.
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