Phys Lecture Exam 3 Part 1

Front 1

In an EKG, what does the T-wave measure?

Back 1

Repolarization of the ventricles

Front 2

In response to hemhorrage, what happens to the heart rate?

Back 2

Heart rate increases

Front 3

Which blood type is known as the universal acceptor?

Back 3

AB+

Front 4

Which blood type is known as the universal donor?

Back 4

O-

Front 5

What effect does hypoxia have on EPO levels in the body?

Back 5

EPO levels increase

Front 6

In order to start the intrinsic pathway, what must be exposed in order to activate the clotting factor?

Back 6

Collagen

Front 7

What is the primary component of blood plasma?

Back 7

Water

Front 8

If hemhorraging is occurring, what is happening to blood volume?

Back 8

Decreases

Front 9

The term hypertrophy, when referencing skeletal muscle cells, refers to:

Back 9

Increase in size

Front 10

If the heart is undergoing ventricular diastole, what is occurring?

Back 10

Relaxation of the ventricles

Front 11

What ionic atom is found in the center of each hemoglobin subunit?

Back 11

Iron

Front 12

What are the large cells that break off fragments to form platelets?

Back 12

Megakaryocytes

Front 13

Identify the tissue layer that surrounds the outside of a skeletal muscle group.

Back 13

Epimysium

Front 14

What are the three phases of hemostasis (blood clotting)?

Back 14

Vascular-Platelet-Coagulation

Front 15

In an EKG, what does the QRS complex measure?

Back 15

Depolarization of the ventricles

Front 16

What is the specific structure on the sarcolemma of a muscle cell that has the receptors for neurotransmitters?

Back 16

Motor end plate

Front 17

Slow fibers, the type of skeletal muscle cells found in parts of the body responsible for long term, moderate tension contractions have much higher concentration of which molecule?

Back 17

Myoglobin

Front 18

Based on capillary hydrostatic pressure only, which direction will fluid move-into or out of the bloodstream?

Back 18

Out

Front 19

In an EKG, what does the P-wave measure?

Back 19

Depolarization of the atria

Front 20

When does isovolumetric contraction of the ventricles occur?

Back 20

Ventricle systole: 1st phase

Front 21

How does the anticoagulant Antithrombin-III act to prevent clotting?

Back 21

Inhibits thrombin

Front 22

The hormone Angiotensin II increases blood pressure by:

Back 22

Causing sodium retention

Front 23

Where in the body are most of the clotting factor proteins synthesized?

Back 23

The Liver

Front 24

Which vitamin is required by the liver for proper synthesis of clotting factors?

Back 24

Vitamin K

Front 25

Which molecule normally covers the active site in G-actin subunits to prevent myosin from binding?

Back 25

Tropomyosin

Front 26

During a secondary response to an immunogen, the production of antibodies occurs much quicker than during the primary response. What cells are present that allow this to happen?

Back 26

Memory B-Cells

Front 27

How many days does the average red blood cell last in the body?

Back 27

120 days

Front 28

Movement of skeletal elements by muscle is caused by:

Back 28

Pulling (tension)

Front 29

Based on Frank-Starling principle, if more blood is returned to the heart, what happens to the stroke volume?

Back 29

Stroke volume will increase

Front 30

What is the most prevalent type of white blood cell (leukocyte) found in the body?

Back 30

Neutrophil

Front 31

If a motor unit is stimulated to contract in order to generate movement and no movement happens, which muscular concept indicated the addition of more motor units to increase tension?

Back 31

Recruitment

Front 32

What effect does increasing the level of ADH ( antidiuretic hormone) have on blood pressure?

Back 32

Increases blood pressure

Front 33

During the initiation of contraction of skeletal muscle, what molecule does Ca2+ bind to?

Back 33

Troponin

Front 34

What physiologic aspect of the blood counteracts hydrostatic pressure at the level of the capillaries thus allowing a great amount of fluid to be reabsorbed?

Back 34

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

Front 35

If glucose is broken down in skeletal muscle to create ATP in the absence of O2, which by product is produced that commonly creates “sore” muscle?

Back 35

Lactic acid

Front 36

How many subunits compose the hemoglobin protein?

Back 36

4

Front 37

Which type of skeletal muscle fibers are large diameter and create powerful contractions?

Back 37

Glycolytic

Front 38

Which type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for destroying mutated or cancerous cells within the body?

Back 38

NK lymphocytes

Front 39

What is the normal pH of human blood?

Back 39

7.4

Front 40

What is the most prevalent protein found in blood plasma?

Back 40

Albumin

Front 41

Which type of white blood cell is primarily infected by the HIV/AIDS virus?

Back 41

T-cell lymphocytes

Front 42

Based on what was presented in class, which muscle would have the smaller motor units?

Back 42

Hands

Front 43

In a skeletal muscle cell, which organelle stores a high concentration of Ca2+?

Back 43

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 44

In order for the thin filament to release their bond, what is required

Back 44

ATP

Front 45

The extrinsic pathway begins when which clotting factor is activated?

Back 45

Factor III

Front 46

When the thin and thick filament interact to form bonds for contraction, at what amount of overlap will the maximal amount of tension be able to be produced?

Back 46

Optimal resting length

Front 47

What is the maximum conduction rate through the AV node? Assume there is no damage or other stimulation from drugs.

Back 47

230bpm

Front 48

During excitation-contraction coupling, what is released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum when an action potential arrives at the muscle?

Back 48

Calcium

Front 49

If the heart is undergoing atrial systole, what is occurring?

Back 49

Contraction of the atria

Front 50

Which category of plasma proteins are antibodies of the immune system a part of?

Back 50

Globulins

Front 51

Which group of cells in the heart are considered to be the pacemaker cells which are responsible for initiating the cardiac cycle?

Back 51

Sino-atrial node

Front 52

Which type of white blood cell is responsible for producing antibodies?

Back 52

B-cell lymphocytes

Front 53

Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for binding to free iron in the bloodstream?

Back 53

Transferrin

Front 54

How long does it take electrical activity to conduct through the AV node?

Back 54

100msec

Front 55

Which organ in the human body is responsible for removing old/damaged red blood cells?

Back 55

Liver, Red bone marrow, Spleen.

(All the above)

Front 56

The term “prepotential” refers to what physiologic feature of cardiac muscle cells?

Back 56

Membrane drifts toward threshold after repolarization

Front 57

Where in the body is the plasma protein albumin synthesized?

Back 57

Liver

Front 58

If muscle contracts and the tension increases but the overall length of the muscle does not, this type of contraction in known as:

Back 58

Isometric

Front 59

Which neurotransmitter is commonly responsible for stimulating skeletal muscle?

Back 59

Acetylcholine

Front 60

The Bainbridge (Atrial) reflux increases heart rate based on:

Back 60

Stretching of the atria due to increased venous return

Front 61

Identify the Z-line of the sarcomere

Back 61

C

Front 62

Identify the I-band of the sarcomere

Back 62

A

Front 63

Identify the H-zone of the sarcomere

Back 63

D

Front 64

Identify the M-line of the sarcomere

Back 64

E

Front 65

At (2), why does blood flow from the atria into the ventricles?

Back 65

Pressure in the ventricles is lower than that of the atria

Front 66

What is occurring at (4)?

Back 66

Isovolumetric contraction of the ventricles

Front 67

At (8), why is there passive flow of blood from the atria into the ventricles?

Back 67

Pressure in the ventricles is lower then that of the atria

Front 68

At (7), why does the volume inside the ventricles not change?

Back 68

Atrioventricular valves are closed

Front 69

At which area does ventricular diastole (late) occur?

Back 69

8

Front 70

Which muscle contraction diagram shows a condition known as treppe?

Back 70

A

Front 71

Which muscle contraction diagram shows a condition known as complete tetanus?

Back 71

D

Front 72

Which muscle contraction diagram shows a condition known as incomplete tetanus?

Back 72

C

Front 73

If a muscle contracts and the overall length of the muscle gets shorter while the tension remains constant, this type of contraction is known as?

Back 73

Isotonic

Front 74

What part of the thin filament does the myosin head bind to during contraction?

Back 74

Active site

Front 75

At what rate do the cells of the SA node spontaneously depolarize in the absence of any other input?

Back 75

80 to 100bpm

Front 76

Identify the inner most layer of a normal blood vessel

Back 76

Tunica intima

Front 77

Define Hypoxia

Back 77

Low oxygen levels in the tissue

Front 78

In order to maintain muscular tension over an extended period of time, many motor units must be utilized. What is this tension generation known as?

Back 78

Asynchronous motor unit summation

Front 79

Which type of capillary features large perforated regions to allow movement of large molecules out of the bloodstream and are found largely in the liver and spleen?

Back 79

Sinusoids

Front 80

What is the first to increase when a muscle contracts?

Back 80

Internal tension

Front 81

What is the defining characteristic of an artery?

Back 81

Carries blood away from the heart

Front 82

Which enzyme is responsible for converting fibrogen into fibrin?

Back 82

Thrombin

Front 83

At any given time, approximately what percent of the blood in the human body is within the venous vasculature?

Back 83

64%

Front 84

What is the primary protein that makes up the thin filament of the sarcomere?

Back 84

Actin

Front 85

Which metabolic cycle removes excess lactic acid from muscles?

Back 85

the Cori Cycle

Front 86

Fenestrated capillaries differ from continuous capillaries in that:

Back 86

Fenestrated capillaries have perforations

Front 87

What is the function of the T-tubules within skeletal muscle?

Back 87

Quickly disperse the muscle action potential throughout the cell

Front 88

At which area does Ventricular diastole (late) occur?

Back 88

8