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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS |
- process of manufacturing food in plants - mainly sugar, from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll, utilizing light energy and releasing oxygen gas |
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ESSENTIAL FACTORS IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS |
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RAW MATERIALS |
a. Carbon Dioxide - diffuses into the intercellular spaces of the leaf through the stomata b. Water - observed from the environment |
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ENERGY |
a. Sun (solar energy) - main source of light energy b. Electric light |
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ENERGY pt. 2 |
a. Light and energy - blue and red wavelengths being most effective; green and yellow reflected from and transmitted through the leaves |
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PIGMENTS |
absorb the light energy |
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a. CHLOROPHYLL |
primarily involved in the photosynthesis |
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b. CAROTENOIDS |
- bright red, yellow, orange - absorbs violet and blue-green lights |
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XANTHOPHYLLS |
yellow pigments |
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CAROTENES |
yellow orange pigments |
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TEMPERATURE |
- 5 to 40 degrees celsius - increases rate up to approximately 35 degrees celsius due to enzyme activation |
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CARRIER MOLECULES |
important in transferring hydrogen atoms, electrons and energy |
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ENZYMES |
- speed chemical reactions - present in chloroplasts |
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OVERALL PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION |
• PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION - Light —> chemical energy —> O2; product ATP and NADPH; thylakoid membrane • PHOTO ACTIVATION - Activation of chlorophyll • PHOTO IONIZATION - chlorophyll expels highly energized electron; becomes positively charged • PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION - ADP —-> ATP • BIOCHEMICAL REACTION - uses ATP |
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TWO STEPS IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS |
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LIGHT OR HILL REACTION |
- in grana or thylakoid membrane - Absorption of light energy —> ATP (Photophosphorylation) + NADPH + O2 |
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DARK REACTION |
- in the stroma - incorporation of CO2 - CO2 brought to the cycle through Calvin Cycle |
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CALVIN CYCLE |
1. Carbon Fixation 2. Reduction 3. Regeneration |
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RESPIRATION |
- oxidation reduction - living cells obtain energy through the breakdown of organic materials |
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION STEPS |
1. Glycolysis 2. Pyruvate Oxidation 3. Citric Acid Cycle 4. Oxidation Phosphorylation |
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GLYCOLYSIS |
- occurs in the cytoplasm - Glucose —> 2 pyruvate —> 2 ATP —> 2 NADPH |
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PYRUVATE OXIDATION |
- mitochondrial matrix - 2 Pyruvate —> 2 Acetyl CoA —> 2 NADH —> 2 (increase) CO2 |
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KREB’S CYCLE (CITRIC ACID CYCLE) |
- occurs in the mitochondria - 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 Oxaloacetate —> 2 Citric acid + 2ATP + 4CO2 + 6NADH + 2FADH2 |
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OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION |
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1. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN |
- metabolic pathway - electron passes from one carrier to another |
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2. CHEMIOSMOSIS |
- energy from proton gradient is used to make ATO |
