Photosynthesis And Cellular Respiration Terms

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Photon

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Packet of Light

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Chlorophyll

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Light absorbing green coloured pigment that starts photosyntheis

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Chlolorplasts

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Membrane bound organelle in a green plant/agal cells that does photosynthesis process

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Stroma

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Gel substance in chloroplast

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Thylakoid

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Interconnected flattened membrane sacs forming a compartment

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Grana

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Stack of thylakoids

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Lamellae

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Group of unstacked thylakoids between groups of grana

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Thylakoid lumen

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Fluid space in thylakoid

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ATP

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Adenosine Triphosphate

Contains 3 high energy phosphate bonds. Acts as the primary energy-transferring molecule in living organisms

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ADP

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Adenosine Diphosphate

Contains 2 high energy bonds that are formed by the breaking of one phosphate bond.

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NADP+

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A compound that accepts one hydrogen atom and two electrons, forming NADPH; is an electron acceptor

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NADPH

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A compound that donates one hydrogen atom and two electrons to another molecule to form NADP+; Is an electron donor

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Light Dependent Reactions

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The first set of reactions of photosynthesis where light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll molecules, powers chemiosmotic ATP synthesis, and results in reduction of NADP+ to NADPH

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Carbon Fixation

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A process of incorporating CO2 into carbohydrate molecules

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Calvin Cycle

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A cyclic set of reactions occurring in the stroma of chloroplasts that fixes the carbon of Co2 into carbohydrate molecules and recycles coenzymes

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Light Independent Reactions

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The second set of reactions in photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) these reactions don't need solar energy

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Photosystem

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A cluster of photosynthetic pigments embedded in a thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast that absorbs light energy

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ETC

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Electron Transport Chain

A series of progressively stronger electron acceptors; each time an electron is transferred, energy is released

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Photolysis

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A chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down by light; in photosynthesis, water molecules are split by this

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Oxidation

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LEO

A reaction where an atom or molecule loses electrons

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Reduction

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GER

A reaction where an atom or molecule gains electrons

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ATP Synthase complex

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A specialized protein complex embedded in the thylakoid membrane that allows H+ ions to escape from the lumen and uses the resulting energy to generate ATP

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Chemiosmosis

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A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme

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NADH

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Electron carrier, donates electrons in cellular processes

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NAD+

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An electron carrier; accepts electrons in cellular processes

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FADH2

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Electron carrier, is the same thing as NADH

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FAD

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Electron carrier, is the same thing as NAD+

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Active Transport

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Movement of substances through the membrane against the concentration gradient. Requires energy (uses membrane bound carrier proteins and ATP)

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Sodium Potassium Pump

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An active transport mechanism that pumps sodium and potassium into and out of the cell

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Aerobic Cellular Respiration

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The set of reactions that takes place in the cell in the presence of oxygen and releases energy stored in glucose

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Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

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The set of reactions that takes place in the cell in the absence of oxygen and releases energy stored in glucose.

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Glycolysis

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A process for harnessing energy in which a glucose molecule is broken into two pyruvate molecules in the cytoplasm of the cell

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Mitochondrion

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A eukaryotic cell organelle in which aerobic cellular respiration occurs

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Mitochondrial matrix

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the fluid that fills the interior space of a mitochondrion

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Intermembrane space

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the fluid-filled space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane

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The Prep Step

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Where the pyruvate gets bonded with coA, and NAD+ turns into NADH, and the pyruvate turns into Acetyl CoA, and goes to the Krebs cycle

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Krebs Cycle

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A cyclic series of reactions that transfers energy from organic molecules to ATP, NADH, and FADH2, and removes carbon atoms as CO2

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Alcohol Fermentation

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A form of fermentation occurring in yeast in which NADH passes its hydrogen atoms to acetaldehyde, generating CO2, ethanol, and NAD+

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Lactic Acid Fermentation

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A form of fermentation occuring in animal cells which NADH transfers its hydrogen atoms to pyruvate, regenerating NAD+, and lactic acid

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Lactic Acid Threshold

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the value of exercise intensity at which lactic acid production increases

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Enzyme

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A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction

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CoEnzyme

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A nonprotein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme

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Substrate

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A molecule upon which an enzyme acts