Photosynthesis And Cellular Respiration

Front 1

Light

Back 1

Form of electromagnetic radiation travels as waves

Front 2

Photon

Back 2

A packet of light

Front 3

Equation for photosynthesis

Back 3

Carbon dioxide + water + energy = glucose + oxygen

Front 4

Chlorophyll

Back 4

Green pigment

Light absorbing

Begins photosynthesis

Front 5

What is the primary absorbing pigment in all photosynthetic organisms?

Back 5

Chlorophyll

Front 6

Chlorophyll a

Back 6

Blue-green

Primary absorbing pigment

Absorbs dark blue and orange

Transfers energy from sun to reactions of photosynthesis

Front 7

Chlorophyll b

Back 7

Yellow-green

Accessory pigment

Absorbs light blue and dark yellow

Absorbs photons that "a" absorbs poorly or not at all

Front 8

Chloroplast

Back 8

Membrane bound organelle

Carries out photosynthesis

Captures solar energy

Obtains CO2 and water

Front 9

Stroma

Back 9

Protein rich liquid that fills the interior of the chloroplast

Front 10

Thylakoid

Back 10

Flattened membrane sacs forming a separate compartment within STROMA of CHLOROPLAST

Are stacked on top of each other

A group = grana

Front 11

Grana

Back 11

Stacks of thylakoids

Front 12

Lamellae

Back 12

Groups of in stacked THYLAKOIDS that connect GRANA to one another

Front 13

Thylakoid membrane

Back 13

Membrane within CHLOROPLAST

Contains light gathering pigment molecules and ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAINS

Front 14

Thylakoid lumen

Back 14

Fluid filled space inside THYLAKOID

Front 15

How are the wave length and energy of a photon related?

Back 15

Short wave length = high energy

Long wave length = Low energy

Front 16

What pigments are present in green leaves?

Back 16

Chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, xanthophylls, anthocyanins

Front 17

ATP

Back 17

Adenosine Tri Phosphate

Contains 3 high energy phosphate bonds

Primary energy source for cellular functions

Front 18

ADP

Back 18

Adenosine Di Phosphate

Contains 2 high energy phosphates

Front 19

NADP+

Back 19

Electron acceptor

Accepts 1 hydrogen atom and 2 electrons

Front 20

NADPH

Back 20

Electron donor

Donates 1 hydrogen atom and 2 electrons

Front 21

Stage 1

Light dependant reactions

Back 21

1st set of reactions in photosynthesis

Light excited electrons in chlorophyll

Powers ATP synthesis

Results in reduction of NADP+ and NADPH

Front 22

Stage 2

Light independent reactions

(Calvin cycle)

Back 22

2nd set of reactions

Do NOT require solar energy

Front 23

Calvin cycle

Back 23

Set of reactions in STROMA of chloroplasts

Fixes carbon in CO2 into carbohydrate molecules

Recycles coenzymes

Front 24

Stage 3

Carbon fixation

Back 24

Incorporating CO2 molecules into carbohydrate molecules

Front 25

Photosystem

Back 25

Cluster of pigments embedded in the THYLAKOID MEMBRANE of a CHLOROPLAST

Absorbs light energy

Front 26

Oxidation vs reduction reactions

Back 26

O- atom looses elections

R- atom gains electrons

OIL RIG

oxidation is loss Reduction is gain

Front 27

ATP synthase complex

Back 27

Specialized protein complex

Embedded in THYLAKOID MEMBRANE

Allows H+ ions to escape from LUMEN

Resulting energy generated ATP

Front 28

ATP synthase complex

Back 28

Specialized protein complex

Embedded in THYLAKOID MEMBRANE

Allows H+ ions to escape from LUMEN

Resulting energy generated ATP

Front 29

Chemiosmosis

Back 29

Process of synthesizing ATP using energy of electrochemical gradient and ATP SYNTHASE ENZYME

Front 30

Electron transport chain

Back 30

Series of progressively stronger electron acceptors

Energy is released each time an electron is transferred

Front 31

Photolysis

Back 31

Chemical reaction

Compound is broken down by light

Water molecules are split

Front 32

Where are photosystems I and II located?

Back 32

Thylakoid membrane of chloroplast

Front 33

What happens when chlorophyll absorbs a photon?

Back 33

Solar energy is captured

Electrons are excited

Front 34

What happens when chlorophyll absorbs a photon?

Back 34

Solar energy is captured

Electrons are excited

Front 35

How are the electrons passed on in the electron transport chain replaced?

Back 35

Replaced by electrons that came from water as a result of photolysis

Front 36

Where do light dependant reactions take place?

Back 36

Thylakoids

Front 37

Where does carbon fixation take place?

Back 37

Stroma

Front 38

Where does carbon fixation take place?

Back 38

Stroma

Front 39

What happens to electrons that are released during photolysis?

Back 39

They enter the electron transport chain

Front 40

Where does carbon fixation take place?

Back 40

Stroma

Front 41

What happens to electrons that are released during photolysis?

Back 41

They enter the electron transport chain

Front 42

What is the role of oxidation and reductions in the electron transport chain?

Back 42

To release energy in small amounts

Front 43

What are the H+ ions that are pulled inside the THYLAKOID MEMBRANES used for?

Back 43

Building a positive charge

Front 44

Where does carbon fixation take place?

Back 44

Stroma

Front 45

What happens to electrons that are released during photolysis?

Back 45

They enter the electron transport chain

Front 46

What is the role of oxidation and reductions in the electron transport chain?

Back 46

To release energy in small amounts

Front 47

What are the H+ ions that are pulled inside the THYLAKOID MEMBRANES used for?

Back 47

Building a positive charge

Front 48

Why is the production of NADPH important?

Back 48

To transfer high energy electrons to Calvin cycle

Front 49

What is Chemiosmosis?

Back 49

Making ATP from an H+ ion concentration gradient

Front 50

What is Chemiosmosis?

Back 50

Making ATP from an H+ ion concentration gradient

Front 51

Where in the chloroplast does the Calvin cycle occur?

Back 51

The stroma

Front 52

What is Chemiosmosis?

Back 52

Making ATP from an H+ ion concentration gradient

Front 53

Where in the chloroplast does the Calvin cycle occur?

Back 53

The stroma

Front 54

What is the final product of the Calvin cycle?

Back 54

G3P ➡️ glucose

Front 55

What is the primary function of photosynthesis?

Back 55

Convert electromagnetic radiation into chemical potential energy

Front 56

Active transport

Back 56

Movement of substance through membrane

Against concentration gradient

Uses membrane bound carrier proteins (pumps) and energy from ATP

Front 57

How do carrier proteins use ATP to transport molecules across the membrane?

Back 57

ATP converts to ADP

This releases energy

The energy changes he shape of the carrier to allow the molecule to pass through

Front 58

How is ATP used in muscle contraction?

Back 58

Muscle contraction involves 2 protein molecule sliding past each other

Energy from ATP changes the shape of one molecule causing it to pull the other

Front 59

Aerobic cellular respiration

Back 59

Reactions that take place in the presence of oxygen

Releases energy stored in glucose

Step 1: glycolysis

2: pryuvate oxidation

3: Krebs cycle

4: electron transport chain and Chemiosmosis

Front 60

Anaerobic cellular respiration

Back 60

Reactions that take place without oxygen and releases energy stored in glucose

Step 1: glycolysis

2: fermentation

Front 61

Glycolysis

Back 61

A glucose molecule is broken into two pryuvate molecules in the cytoplasm of a cell

Front 62

What is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Back 62

Glycolysis

Front 63

What does glycolysis mean?

Back 63

Greek for "sugar splitting"

Front 64

What are the final products of glycolysis?

Back 64

NADH + 2 pyruvate molecules

Front 65

Where in the chloroplast do light dependant reactions occur?

Back 65

Thylakoid membrane

Front 66

What are the products of light dependant reactions?

Back 66

O2

ATP

NADPH

Front 67

What gas is released as a byproduct of the light dependant reactions of photosynthesis?

Back 67

O2 (oxygen)

Front 68

What molecule is the source of oxygen?

Back 68

H2O

Front 69

What are NADH and FADH2?

Back 69

Electron carriers

Donate electrons

Front 70

What are NAD+ and FAD+?

Back 70

Electron carriers

Accept electrons

Front 71

Carbon fixation cycle

Back 71

Dark reactions

Light independent

Calvin cycle

Front 72

What is the primary function of cellular respiration?

Back 72

Convert glucose into ATP which is used by cells that need the energy for processes

Front 73

How do the oxidation and reduction reactions in electron transfer help form ATP?

Back 73

The energy released from these reactions attach a free phosphate to ADP to make ATP

Front 74

What stages of aerobic respiration take place in the mitochondria?

Back 74

Krebs cycle

Electron transport chain

Chemiosmosis

Front 75

What stages of aerobic respiration take place in the mitochondria?

Back 75

Krebs cycle

Electron transport chain

Chemiosmosis

Front 76

Krebs cycle

Back 76

Transfers energy from organic molecules to ATP, NADP, and FADH2

Removes carbon atoms as CO2

Front 77

What stages of aerobic respiration take place in the mitochondria?

Back 77

Krebs cycle

Electron transport chain

Chemiosmosis

Front 78

Krebs cycle

Back 78

Transfers energy from organic molecules to ATP, NADP, and FADH2

Removes carbon atoms as CO2

Front 79

Oxidative ATP synthesis

Back 79

Production of ATP from a series of oxidation reactions

Front 80

What stages of aerobic respiration take place in the mitochondria?

Back 80

Krebs cycle

Electron transport chain

Chemiosmosis

Front 81

Krebs cycle

Back 81

Transfers energy from organic molecules to ATP, NADP, and FADH2

Removes carbon atoms as CO2

Front 82

Oxidative ATP synthesis

Back 82

Production of ATP from a series of oxidation reactions

Front 83

What are the final products of aerobic cellular respiration?

Back 83

6 CO2

6 H2O

36 ATP

Front 84

What stages of aerobic respiration take place in the mitochondria?

Back 84

Krebs cycle

Electron transport chain

Chemiosmosis

Front 85

Krebs cycle

Back 85

Transfers energy from organic molecules to ATP, NADP, and FADH2

Removes carbon atoms as CO2

Front 86

Oxidative ATP synthesis

Back 86

Production of ATP from a series of oxidation reactions

Front 87

What are the final products of aerobic cellular respiration?

Back 87

6 CO2

6 H2O

36 ATP

Front 88

Only 36% of the energy of glucose is converted to ATP. What does the rest become?

Back 88

FADH2

NADH

Front 89

In eukaryotic cells, where does glycolysis occur?

Back 89

Cytoplasm

Front 90

In eukaryotic cells, where does glycolysis occur?

Back 90

Cytoplasm

Front 91

What 2 products of glycolysis are transported into mitochondria for further processing?

Back 91

NADH

Pyruvate

Front 92

In eukaryotic cells, where does glycolysis occur?

Back 92

Cytoplasm

Front 93

What 2 products of glycolysis are transported into mitochondria for further processing?

Back 93

NADH

Pyruvate

Front 94

What part of a glucose molecule provides electrons in cellular respiration?

Back 94

Hydrogen

Front 95

In eukaryotic cells, where does glycolysis occur?

Back 95

Cytoplasm

Front 96

What 2 products of glycolysis are transported into mitochondria for further processing?

Back 96

NADH

Pyruvate

Front 97

What part of a glucose molecule provides electrons in cellular respiration?

Back 97

Hydrogen

Front 98

How is energy used to drive the synthesis of ATP?

Back 98

Chemiosmosis

Front 99

Fermentation

Back 99

Recycling products of glycolysis where either CO2 and ethanol, or lactic acid are the final products

Front 100

Fermentation

Back 100

Recycling products of glycolysis where either CO2 and ethanol, or lactic acid are the final products

Front 101

Alcohol fermentation

Back 101

Form of fermentation occurring in yeast

NADH passes it's hydrogen atoms to acetaldehyde, generating CO2, ethanol and NAD+

Front 102

Fermentation

Back 102

Recycling products of glycolysis where either CO2 and ethanol, or lactic acid are the final products

Front 103

Alcohol fermentation

Back 103

Form of fermentation occurring in yeast

NADH passes it's hydrogen atoms to acetaldehyde, generating CO2, ethanol and NAD+

Front 104

Lactic acid fermentation

Back 104

Fermentation occurring in animal cells

NADH transfers its hydrogen atoms to pyruvate, regenerating NAD+ and lactic acid

Front 105

Other than ATP, what is a nonalcoholic product of alcohol fermentation?

Back 105

CO2

Front 106

How many molecules of ethanol are produced by the fermentation of 1 molecule of glucose?

Back 106

2

Front 107

How many molecules of ethanol are produced by the fermentation of 1 molecule of glucose?

Back 107

2

Front 108

How much oxygen is used during the fermentation of 1 glucose molecule?

Back 108

None

Front 109

How many molecules of ethanol are produced by the fermentation of 1 molecule of glucose?

Back 109

2

Front 110

How much oxygen is used during the fermentation of 1 glucose molecule?

Back 110

None

Front 111

Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid from __________

Back 111

Glucose

Front 112

How many molecules of ethanol are produced by the fermentation of 1 molecule of glucose?

Back 112

2

Front 113

How much oxygen is used during the fermentation of 1 glucose molecule?

Back 113

None

Front 114

Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid from __________

Back 114

Glucose

Front 115

How do humans feel the presence of lactic acid in the tissues of the body?

Back 115

Muscle fatigue, stiffness, sorenessa

Front 116

The main function of light dependant reactions is the production of:

Back 116

Hydrogen to form NADH and ATP

Front 117

The main function of light dependant reactions is the production of:

Back 117

Hydrogen to form NADH and ATP

Front 118

The product of glycolysis in animals when oxygen is not present is:

Back 118

Lactic acid

Front 119

The main function of light dependant reactions is the production of:

Back 119

Hydrogen to form NADH and ATP

Front 120

The product of glycolysis in animals when oxygen is not present is:

Back 120

Lactic acid

Front 121

The product in glycolysis in plants when oxygen isn't available is:

Back 121

Ethanol and carbon dioxide

Front 122

The molecule that is recycled in light independent reactions is:

Back 122

Ribulose biphosphate