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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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anatomy
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structural composition
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physiology
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function
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anatomic position
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standing erect, arms at the side, eyes and palms facing forward
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supine
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horizonal on back face up
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prone
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lying face down, hand palm down
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pronation
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the act of turning face or palm down
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supination
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the act of turning face or hand palm up
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body plane
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flat surface cut through the body in normal anatomic position
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frontal (coronal) plane
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vertical front and back
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midsagittal (medial) plane
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equal vertical right and left portions
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vertical sagittal plane
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right and left
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transverse plane
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horizonal upper and lower
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directional terms
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describe the relationship of an area with respect tp rest of the body
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anterior (ventral)
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front of body
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external (superficial)
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on or near surface
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medial
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midline or middle
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palmar
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palm of hand
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proximal
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nearest center of body, orgin, point of attachment
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superior (cranial)
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higher or above toward the head
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posterior (dorsal)
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back of body
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internal (deep)
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within or near center of body
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lateral
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toward the side
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plantar
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sole of foot
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distal
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farthest from center of body, orgin, or point of attachment
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inferior (caudal)
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beneath or lower or away from head
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body cavities
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organs housed in large hollow spaces
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dorsal cavities
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back of body (includes cranial and spinal)
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cranial cavity
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houses the brain
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spinal cavity
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encases the spinal cord
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Ventral Cavities
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front of body (includes thoracic, abdominal, pelvic)
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thoracic cavity houses?
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heart and lungs
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abdominal cavity houses
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stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, spleen, kidneys, and pelvic cavity
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pelvic cavity houses
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urinary bladder, reproductive organs
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homeostasis
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"standing the same" -state of equilibrium or balance
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metabolism
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sum of all physical and chemical reactions necessary to sustain life. 2 processes 'catabolism' and 'anabolism'
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catabolism
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destructive process by which complex substances are broke down to simple substances , usually with the release of energy
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anabolism
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constructive process by which the body coverts simple compounds into complex substances needed to carry out celluar activities
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cell
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basic structrual unit of all life
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tissues
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groups of similar cells that work together to form a special function. 4 basic types connective, epitheal, muscle, nerve
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mitosis
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DNA doubles and cell divides itself
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connective tissue
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supports and connects all body parts
includes adipose (fat) tissue, cartilage, bone, blood |
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epithelial tissue
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covers and protects the body and lines organs, vessels and cavities
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muscle tissue
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contracts to produce movement
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nerve tissue
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has the ability to transmit electrial impulses
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organs
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structures composed of tissues that function together for a common purpose
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body systems
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structures and organs that are related to one another and function together
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skeletal system
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framework that gives the body shape and support, provides movement and storage (Calcium)
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hematopoiesis
or hemopoiesis |
production of red blood cells normally occurs in bone marrow
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flat bones
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rib , most skull(cranial), hip
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irregular bones
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back bones (vertebrae) , some facial
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long bones
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leg (femur, tibia, fibula), arm (humerus, radius, ulna), hand (metacarpals, phalanges)
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short bones
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wrist (carpals) ankle (tarsals)
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bones
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connective tissue surrounded by hard deposits of calcium salts
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bones important in blood collection
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distal phalanx(finger) and calcaneus (Heel)
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joints
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junction betwen two or more bones
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synovial fluid
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viscid colorless liquid in joint cavity
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bursa
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small sac near joint filled with synovial fluid-( help ease movement over and around areas subject to friction)
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connective tissue
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cartilage, ligaments, fibrous conn tissue
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Arthritis
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Joint inflammation
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Bursitis
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Inflammation of the bursa (fluid-filled sac)
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Gout
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Joint disorder due to faulty uric acid metabolism
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Osteomyelitis
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Skeletal System Disorders
Bone inflammation |
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Osteochondritis
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Inflammation of the bone and cartilage
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Osteoporosis
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Loss of bone density
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Rickets
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Abnormal bone formation due to lack of vitamin D
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Tumors
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Abnormal bone growth
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ALP
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Skeletal System Tests
Alkaline phosphatase liver function |
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Skeletal System Tests
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ALP, Ca2+, CBC, ESR, phosphorus, synovial fluid analysis, uric acid, vit.D
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Muscular System Functions
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Movement
Posture Heat production Organ function Blood circulation |
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Muscular System Structures
muscle tupes? classified by? |
Muscles
Types:Skeletal, Visceral,Cardiac Classified by: Location Microscopic structure Nervous control |
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Skeletal Muscle
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Attached to bones
Voluntary (conscious) |
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Visceral Muscle
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Line arteries, veins, and organs
Involuntary (unconscious) |
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Cardiac Muscle
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Forms the wall of the heart
Involuntary (unconscious) |
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Atrophy
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Wasting
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Muscular dystrophy
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Muscular System Disorders
Genetic muscle-wasting disease |
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Myalgia
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Muscle pain
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Tendinitis
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Tendon inflammation
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Muscular System Tests
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Autoimmune antibodies
Creatine phosphokinase (CPK/CK) Lactic acid Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) Myoglobin Electromyography Biopsy |
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Integumentary System Functions
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Protection (Integument means covering or skin)
Temperature regulation Elimination of wastes Reception of stimuli Vitamin D manufacture |
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Epidermis
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Outermost and thinnest skin layer
Only layer with living cells Only layer where mitosis occurs Produces melanin Described as avascular (no blood vessels) |
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Dermis (corium or true skin)
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Inner, thickest layer of the skin
(papillae) form fingerprints |
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Subcutaneous
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(Means “under the skin”)
Connects skin to muscles and bone |
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Acne
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Inflamed oil glands
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Dermatitis
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Skin inflammation
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Fungal Infections
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i.e., tinea and ringworm
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Herpes
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Cold sores
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Cancer
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Basal cell, squamous, or melanoma
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Impetigo
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Staph or strep infection
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Keloid
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Fibrous scar tissue
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Pruritus
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Itching
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Pediculous
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Lice
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Psoriasis
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Chronic skin disease
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Integumentary System Tests
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Biopsy
Microbial cultures Skin scrapings for fungal culture Skin scrapings for KOH (potassium hydroxide) preparation Tissue cultures |
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Nervous System Function
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Controls and coordinates body system activities
Electrical impulses and chemical substances |
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Nervous System Fundamental unit
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Neuron
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Nervous System Neuron 2 types
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Somatic (voluntary) nervous system
Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system (ANS) |
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Nervous System Structural divisions
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Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
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Command center
Consists of brain and spinal cord Fluid is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Space covered by meninges |
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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Connects CNS to every part of the body
Somatic (voluntary) nervous system Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system (ANS) |
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Encephalitis
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Brain inflammation
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Hydrocephalus
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Nervous System Disorders
CSF buildup in the brain |
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Epilepsy
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Nervous System Disorders
Seizure disorder |
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
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Nervous System Disorders Motor nerve disorder
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Shingles
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Herpes along a nerve
Nervous System Disorders |
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Parkinson’s disease
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Nervous tremors
Nervous System Disorders |
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Neuralgia
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Nerve pain
Nervous System Disorders |
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Multiple sclerosis (MS)
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Myelin sheath disorder
Nervous System Disorders |
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Meningitis
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inflammation of meninges
Nervous System Disorders |
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Nervous System Tests
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Acetylcholine receptor antibody
CSF analysis Cell count Glucose Protein Culture Cholinesterase Dilantin Electroencephalogram (EEG) Serotonin |
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Endocrine System Functions
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Secrete hormones that affect
Metabolism Growth and development Reproduction Personality Reaction to stress Resistance to disease |
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Endocrine System Structures
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Glands
Pituitary Thyroid Pineal Adrenal Organs and structures with endocrine function Ovaries Testes Islets of Langerhans—in pancreas |
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Pituitary (master gland)
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Located in the brain
Secretes hormones that control other glands Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Stimulates the adrenal glands Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Decreases urine production Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Affects the ovaries Growth hormone (GH) Regulates growth Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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Pineal Gland
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Located behind the pituitary
Function not fully understood Secretes melatonin Inhibited by light/enhanced by dark Plays a role in diurnal rhythms |
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Thyroid Gland
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Located in the throat near the larynx
Hormone production requires iodine Secretes Calcitonin Regulates calcium levels Triiodothyronine (T3) Increases metabolic rate Thyroxine (T4) Increases metabolic rate |
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Parathyroids (4) glands
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Located behind the thyroid (2 on each side)
Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) Regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism |
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Thymus gland
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Located in the chest behind the sternum
Secretes thymosin Required for maturation of T lymphocytes and development of immunity |
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Adrenals (2) glands
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One located on top of each kidney
Secrete Epinephrine and norepinephrine Also called adrenaline and noradrenaline Increases blood pressure, heart activity, glucose Called “fight or flight” hormones Helps kidneys regulate sodium and potassium Cortisol Suppresses inflammation Aldosterone |
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Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
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Secrete insulin and glucagon
Regulate glucose levels |
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Testes
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Secrete testosterone
Controls male reproductive system and development of male sexual characteristics |
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Ovaries
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Secrete estrogen
Controls female reproductive system and development of female sexual characteristics Progesterone Prepares the body for pregnancy |
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Stomach lining secretes?
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Secretes a digestive hormone
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Placenta
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Secretes hormones that affect pregnancy
Cells that form the placenta secrete HCG |
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Kidneys
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Secrete renin to increase blood pressure
Secretes erythropoietin to increase RBCs |
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Endocrine System Disorders
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Generally Involve
Hypersecretion overproduction of hormone Hyposecretion underproduction of hormone Often related to benign tumors |
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Pituitary Disorders
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Acromegaly
Overgrowth of bones in hands, face, and feet from excess GH in adulthood Diabetes insipidus Increased thirst and urine production from too little ADH (also called vasopressin) Dwarfism Abnormally small size from GH deficiency Gigantism Excessive growth from excess GH |
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Thyroid Disorders
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Congenital hypothyroidism
Low thyroid activity in a newborn Cretinism Abnormal development in untreated hypothyroidism Goiter Enlarged thyroid gland Hyperthyroidism (Graves disease) Condition resulting from hypersecretion of the thyroid Hypothyroidism Condition resulting from decreased thyroid secretion Myxedema (hypothyroid syndrome) Condition resulting from decreased thyroid functioning |
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Parathyroid Disorders
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Hypersecretion disorders
Kidney stones Bone destruction Hyposecretion disorders Muscle spasms Convulsions |
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Adrenal Disorders
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Adrenal disorders
Addison’s disease Aldosteronism Cushing syndrome |
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Pancreatic Disorders
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Diabetes mellitus
Results from insulin deficiency Diabetes mellitus type 1 (insulin dependent) Results from inability to produce insulin Diabetes mellitus type 2 (non-insulin dependent) Results from too little insulin or impaired insulin use Hyperinsulinism Excessive insulin secretion or insulin overdose Hypoglycemia Low blood sugar from hyperinsulinism |
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Endocrine System Tests
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Aldosterone Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Cortisol Erythropoietin Glucagon Glucose tolerance test (GTT) Glycosylated hemoglobin Growth hormone Insulin level Renin Thyroid function studies (T3, T4, TSH) |
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Digestive System Functions
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Take in food
Break it down to a form that can be absorbed Eliminate waste products of digestion |
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Digestive System Structures
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Gastrointestinal (GI) tract
Mouth Pharynx Throat Esophagus Stomach Small and large intestine Accessory organs Lips Teeth Tongue Salivary glands Liver Pancreas Gallbladder |
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Accessory Organ Functions
Liver |
Glycogen storage
Protein catabolism Detoxification Secrete bile |
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Accessory Organ Functions
Gallbladder |
Concentrate and store bile
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Accessory Organ Functions
Pancreas |
Secrete insulin
Secrete glucagon Produce digestive enzymes Amylase Lipase Trypsin |
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Appendicitis
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Digestive System Disorders
Inflamed appendix |
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Cholecystitis
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Digestive System Disorders
Inflamed gallbladder |
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Colitis
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Digestive System Disorders
Colon inflammation |
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Diverticulosis
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Digestive System Disorders
Pouches colon wall |
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Gastritis
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Digestive System Disorders
Inflamed stomach lining |
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Gastroenteritis
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Digestive System Disorders
Inflamed intestinal tract |
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Hepatitis
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Digestive System Disorders
Inflamed liver |
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Pancreatitis
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Digestive System Disorders
Inflamed pancreas |
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Peritonitis
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Digestive System Disorders
Inflamed lining of the abdominal cavity |
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Ulcer
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Digestive System Disorders
Open sore or lesion |
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Digestive System Tests
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Gastrointestinal
Fecal fat Gastric analysis Occult blood Ova and parasites Serum gastrin analysis Stool analysis Accessory organ Ammonia Amylase Bilirubin Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) Carotene Cholesterol CBC Glucose Glucose tolerance test (GTT) Lipase Triglycerides |
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Reproductive System Functions
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Produce gametes or sex cells
Female gametes (ova or eggs) Male gametes (sperm) Manufacture hormones that regulate the reproductive process |
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Reproductive System Structures
Female |
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes Uterus Cervix Vagina Vulva |
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Reproductive System Structures
Male |
Testes
Seminal vesicles Prostate Epididymis Vas deferens Seminal ducts Urethra Penis Spermatic cords Scrotum |
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Reproductive System Disorders
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Cervical cancer-Cancer of the cervix
Infertility-Lower than normal ability to reproduce Ovarian cancer-Cancer of the ovaries Ovarian cyst-Usually nonmalignant growth on an ovary Prostate cancer-Cancer of the prostate gland Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)-Syphilis,Gonorrhea,Genital, herpes Uterine cancer-Cancer of the uterus |
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Reproductive System Tests
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Acid phosphatase
Estrogen Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Microbiological cultures PAP smear Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) Testosterone Viral tissue studies |
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Urinary System Functions
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Filter and eliminate waste from the blood
Help regulate body fluids Maintain water and electrolyte balance Create and eliminate urine |
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Urinary System Structures
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Two kidneys
Two ureters Urinary bladder Urethra |
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Kidney Structures
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Nephron
Glomerous |
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Urinary System Disorders
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Renal failure-Severe impairment of renal function
Nephritis-Inflammation of the kidneys Uremia-Buildup of toxic waste in the blood from impaired kidney function Kidney stones-Solid formations of crystallized urinary salts Cystitis-Bladder inflammation Urinary tract infection (UTI) -Infection involving the urinary system |
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Urinary System Tests
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Albumin
Ammonia Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) Blood creatinine Creatinine clearance Electrolytes Osmolality Urinalysis (UA) Urine culture and sensitivity (C & S) Intravenous pyelography Renal biopsy Nuclear magnetic resonance |
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Respiratory System Functions
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Exchange of gases between the blood and air
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Acid-Base (pH) Balance
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Acidosis
Increased CO2 Alkalosis Decreased CO2 |
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Respiratory System Structures
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Nose
Pharynx Epiglottis Larynx Lungs Trachea Alveoli |
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Respiratory Tract
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Nose
Warms, moistens, and filters incoming air Pharynx Passageway for both food and air Connects with the esophagus and the larynx Larynx Enlarged upper end of trachea Epiglottis Covers opening of larynx during swallowing Lower trachea Branches into two bronchi Bronchi Divide into two main branches in the lungs Branches divide into smaller and smaller branches until they reach the terminal bronchioles Lungs Right has three lobes, left has two lobes Terminal bronchioles Branch into respiratory bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles Attach to alveolar ducts Have cup-shaped outpouchings called alveoli Alveolar ducts Also have alveoli Ends of ducts clustered into alveolar sacs Alveoli Single layer of epithelium covered by thin membrane Alveolar walls are coated with surfactant Helps keep them from collapsing |
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Respiratory System Disorders
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Apnea
Temporary stoppage of breathing Asthma Difficulty breathing caused by bronchial spasms or swelling Bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchial membranes Pulmonary edema Fluid in the lungs Dyspnea Labored breathing Emphysema Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Hypoxia Oxygen deficiency IRDS Infant respiratory distress syndrome Due to lack of surfactant Pleurisy Inflammation of the pleural membrane Pneumonia Lung inflammation Pulmonary edema Fluid in the lungs Tuberculosis (TB) Infectious respiratory disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Major cause of infant & child respiratory distress Rhinitis Inflamed nasal membranes Tonsillitis Inflamed tonsils URI Upper respiratory infection |
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Respiratory System Tests
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Acid-fast bacillus (TB) culture/smear
Arterial blood gases (ABGs) Capillary blood gases Complete blood count (CBC) Cocci (IgG and IgM) Drug levels Electrolytes Microbial cultures Pleuracentesis Skin tests (PPD or TB) Sputum cultures Bronchial washings |
