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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Proposition |
A thought expressed by a declarative statement (Can be true or false) |
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Atomic Proposition |
A proposition that does not contain a logical operator (Does not contain: if, not, or, and) |
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Argument |
A group of propositions, one of which, the conclusion or contention, is supposed to be supported by the other steps/premises. |
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Deductive Arguments |
Premises are supposed to guarantee the truth of the conclusion |
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Inductive Argumnents |
The premises are supposed to make the conclusion probable. |
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Valid Argument |
An argument is valid if and only if the following statement is true: - If all the premises are (or were) true, then the conclusion would have to be true, too. An argument is valid if and only if the following statement is impossible: - All the premises are true, and yet at the same time the conclusion is false. |
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Sound Argument |
An argument is sound if and only if: - The argument is valid - All of the premises are true |
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Good Argument |
An argument that is either valid or strong, with plausible premises that are true, do not beg the question, and are relevant to the conclusion. |
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Begging the Question |
A fallacy in which the premises include the claim that the conclusion is true or assume that the conclusion is true. (Circular Reasoning) |
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Modus Ponens |
- A -- B - A - (Therefore) B |
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Modus Tollens |
- A -- B - ~A - (Therefore) ~B |
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Disjunctive Syllogism |
- A v B - ~ A - (Therefore) B |
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Hypothetical Syllogism |
- A -- B - B -- C - (Therefore) A -- C |
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Reductio ad Absurdum |
To prove A: - Assume ~ A - Carefully reason from ~ A to something known to be false (B) - Point out that B is false - We've gone wrong somewhere and the only reason is to blame the assumption - So ~~ A - So A |
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Constructive Dilema |
- If S1 then S3 and if S2 then S4 - Either S1 or S2 - (Therefore) Either S3 or S4 |
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Logical Operators |
Arrow: If/then ^: And V: Or ~: Not |
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Only If |
- S only if F - S -- F |
