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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Affirming the consequent
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An invalid, unsound, form of deductive argument:
If A, then B; B; so, A" |
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Argument
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A claim defended with reasons. A set of statement one of which (conclusion) is claimed or intended to be supported by the others (premise)
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Argument based on math
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When the argument's conlcusions is claimed to depend mostly or entirley on some mathmatical calculation or measurment it is treated as deductive. Few exceptions
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Argument by elimination
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A deductive argument that seeks to logically rule out various possibilities until only a single possibility remains.
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Argument from analogy
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An inductive argument in which the conclusion is claimed to depend on an analogy between two things.
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Argument from definition
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A deductive argument where the conclusion is presented as being true by definition
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Categorical Syllogism
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3-line argument where all statements are categorical statements. Unless there is clear evidence that that the statment is intended to inductive, always treated as deductive.
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Casual argument
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An inductive argument that asserts or denies that something causes or has caused or will cause something else.
Ex: She didn't answer the phone, she must not be home. |
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Chain argument
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Deductive argument:
"If A, then B; if B, then C, so if A, then C" |
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Cogent Argument
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Inductive argument that is strong and has all true premises.
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Common pattern test
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A test in which characteristic patters of deductive or inductive reasoning are used to determine whether an argument is deductive or inductive.
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Deductive Argument
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Argument in which the conclusion is claimed or intended to follow necessarily form the premises.
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Denying the antecedent
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An invalid unsound form of deductive argument:
"If A, then B; not A; so not B" |
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General Statment
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A statement form of "all a's are b's; Most a's are b's.
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Generalization
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Statement that asserts that all or most things of a certain kind have a certain property or characterisitc. Or using stats "A certain % of all A's are B's."
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Hypothetical Syllogism
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A deductive common pattern where a 3-line argument in which at least one of the premises is an "if-then" statement and/or one is a hypothetical.
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Indicator word test
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A test using indicator words to determine if an argument is deductive or inductive.
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Inductive argument
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An argument where the conclusion is claimed or intended to follow probably or likely from the premise.
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Inductive generalization
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An argument in which a generalization is claimed to be PROBABLY true based on info about some members of a group.
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Invalid argument
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A deductive argument in which the conlcusion does not follow necessarily from the premise. Or a deductive argument in which it is possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false.
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Modus ponens
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A valid, sound, deductive argument form "If A then B; A; therefore, B"
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Modus tollen
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A valid sound argument form of deductive reasoning:
"If A then B; not B; therefore not A" Sometimes called "Denying the consequent" |
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Paticular Statement
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A statement that refers to a particular person, place or thing.
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Predictive argument
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an inductive argument in which a prediction is defended w/ reasons.
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Principle of charity
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principle of interpretation that requires unlcear passages or arguments be interpreted in the way most favorable to the speaker or writer.
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Principle of charity test
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If it is unlcear whether the argument is Inductive or deductive, the argument should be interpreted in whatever way is most favorable to the arguer.
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Sound argument
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a deductive argument that is valid and has all true premises.
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Statistical argument
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An inductive argument that argues the premises are true based on some statistical figures.
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Strict necessity test
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A test to determie whether an argument is inductive or deductive; if the conclusion follows from the premise with strict logical necesseity, then it should be regarded as deductive.
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Strong inductive argument
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An inductive argument in which the conclusion follows probably from the premises.
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Syllogism
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a 3-line argument that consist of two premises and a conclusion. Or more narrowly, a 3-line deductive argument.
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Uncogent argument
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An inductive argument that is weak or has at least one false premise or both
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Unsound argument
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A deudctive argument that is invalid or has at least one false premise, or both.
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Valid argument
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A deductive argument in which the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises. A deductive argument in which it is impossible for the premise to be true and the conclusion false.
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Weak argument
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An inductive argument in which the conclusion does not follow probably from the premises.
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Argument from Authority
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Inductive argument that asserts a claim and then supports it by citing a presumed athority who has said that the claim is true.
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