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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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"phylo" = |
love of |
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"sophia" = |
wisdom |
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3 Main Greek Philosophers |
Socrates Plato Aristotle |
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Socrates' (469-399 BCE) student = |
Plato |
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Plato's (424/3 - 347 BCE) student = |
Aristotle (384-322 BCE) |
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Philosophy can be considered as.. (3) |
A Method A Subject Matter An Attitude |
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Philosophy as a method.. |
Not just about your opinion Discovering and evaluating the reasons that can be offered in defense of various opinions Use tools and methods of logic |
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Philosophy as a attitude.. |
Requires a willingness to critically self-reflect "the unexamined life is not worth living" Socrates Takes a skeptical stance Supports intellectual independence |
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Philosophy as a subject matter..3 General categories: |
Ontology Epistemology Ethics |
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Ontology |
Generally: study of what exists and what does not (Does God exist? Are miracles possible? Is there anything that is necessarily true? Do we have free will?) |
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Epistemology |
Generally: study of knowledge (What does it mean to say someone knows something? What sorts of justification do you have to have to know something? What kinds of knowledge are there?) |
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Ethics |
Generally: study of value / what ought to be (What is the good life? Is abortion morally permissable? What should we do about climate change?) |
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T or F: evaluate judgements are moral judgements |
True, but NOT ALL |
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Moral judgements = |
judgements about what ought to be done and what ought not to be done |
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3 Levels of reflection: |
Expressive Pre-reflective Reflective |
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Expressive level |
moral judgements are unanalyzed expressions or feelings that do not constitute any kind of justification or reason "Gut reactions" |
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Pre-reflective level |
moral judgements made by reference to conventional values, rules and principles accepted uncritically |
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Reflective Level |
moral judgements are not entirely based on conventional norms blindly accepted, but on principles, rules and values to which we ourselves subscribe and are prepared to offer reasoned moral defence Nurses willing to question the prevailing customs and taboos including their own behaviour to identify what they see as consonant with the standards of practice |
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Situations a moral issue may be present: (2) |
Moral dilemmas Non-dilemmatic moral situations |
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Point of having a nursing code of ethics? (2) |
Descriptive/informative: describe identity of nursing so public knows what to expect Normative: set the standards nurses OUGHT to meet to guide nurses in their practice and character formation |
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Why can't ethics just rely on codes, policies and law? (3) |
Bound to be vague Different codes can address the same issue differently Two provisions in a code may conflict in a moral dilemma |
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Eichmann Defense: |
"just following orders" - fails to provide satisfactory accountability |
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Fallacy: |
a common but erroneous pattern of reasoning |
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3 Fallacies: |
Moral legalism Appeal to popularity (Ad Populum) Is/Ought fallacy |
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Moral legalism: |
Reasoning from the legal status of something to its moral status ex: Gay marriage is wrong. We have to look at the laws here. It has been illegal for years. |
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Appeal to Popularity (Ad Populum): |
Reasoning to a claim from the prevalence of belief in it. ex: Obviously we shouldn't cut regulate GHG emissions. Did you see how well the Green Party did the last election? |
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Is/Ought fallacy: |
Reasoning directly from what IS the case to what OUGHT to be the case. ex: We've always just had the tech pick up the samples from this tray in the hall. Leave your samples here. |
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EDMFs are intended to __ decision making and not ___ it |
EDMFs are intended to aid decision making and not replace it |
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3 Masqueraders of Ethical Theory (Theories ABOUT morality): |
Egoism Emotivism Relativism |
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Egoism: |
The only motive for human behaviour is rational self-interest. Ethics is a fiction. "everybody out for themselves" |
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"Evidence" of egoism: |
only reason you do the right thing is to avoid feeling bad about doing the wrong thing - about YOUR feelings |
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against egoism: |
No conclusive evidence that motives are or are not in self-interest. Can't convince egoist the other way & vice versa |
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Emotivism: |
Moral beliefs and ideals merely express personal preference, likes and dislikes |
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evidence for emotivism: |
variance in moral beliefs like there's variance in food preference |
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against emotivism: |
Takes more to change mind about right/wrong that it takes to change mind on food preference Many preferences are fluid and don't need reasons for defense (moral beliefs need reasons for defense) |
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Relativism: |
Moral judgements, principles and ideals are relative to individual persons, cultures or groups, and have validity only for that individual/cultural member/group member Often connected /w tolerance and humility and condemnation of moral imperialism |
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Against relativism: |
No argument against cultures with extreme views on adultery/premarital sex etc. If you think something is wrong, period, you can't be a cultural relativist |
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Against relativism: |
Moral oughts have a sense of universal validity (are not conditional) |
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Against relativism: |
UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights there would be no point of it if relativism was true. it is UNIVERSAL |
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Main problem with masqueraders/theories ABOUT morality: |
They describe how people act, not how they SHOULD act |
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Consequentialism: |
the view that rightness or wrongness of an act depends on, and only on, its consequences. |
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Act Utilitarianism uses this principle |
Greatest Happiness Principle |
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Greatest Happiness Principle: |
Act is right if and only if there is no other action that: 1)would have produced a greater value of utility over disutility overall 2) would have produced a smaller value of disutility over utility overall |
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Mills' theory of value in the GHP: |
Utility = happiness = pleasure and absence of pain Disutility = unhappiness = pain and the deprivation of pleasure |
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Principle of Equality: |
No one's utility is any more morally significant than anyone else's, including your own. King's pleasure equals the peasant's pleasure Not where the utility is distributed but how much there is, period, that is relevant |
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Utilitarianism in actions (3 steps): |
1. Consequences of all alternative actions 2. Calculate utility vs. disutility of all consequences 3. Select option that maximizes utility/ minimizes disutility |
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Objections to utilitarianism: |
Difficult to accurately predict consequences of an action We lack objective standards to measure happiness Ex: secret organ transplant cases |
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response to these objections = Rule Utilitarianism: |
What rule would create the best consequences? ex: opt out system vs. secret organ transplants |
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Beneficence "Bene" = |
Good |
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"Facio" = |
to do |
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Beneficence = |
Act in way that benefits others either increase the good or decrease the bad |
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Non-maleficence = |
Not making the situations of others worse |
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Giving an innoculation = Not using a dirty needle = |
Beneficence Non-maleficence No innoculation = beneficence and non-maleficence unaffected |
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CNA Code A6: When resources are not available to provide ideal care, nurses collaborate with others to adjust priorities and minimize harm. (beneficence or non maleficence?) |
Beneficence ( can be non maleficence too...) |
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A7: Nurses planning to take job action or practicing in environments where job action occurs take steps to safeguard the health and safety of people during the course of the job action. |
Non-maleficence |
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A10: Nurses work to prevent and minimize all forms of violence by anticipating and assessing the risk of violent situations and by collaborating with others to establish preventative measures. |
Beneficence |
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B1: Nurses provide care directed first and foremost toward the health and well-being of the person, family or community in their care. |
Beneficence |
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B3: Nurses collaborate with other health care providers and other interested parties to maximize health benefits to persons receiving care and those with health-care needs, recognizing and respecting the knowledge, skills and perspectives of all. |
Beneficence |
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Considered preferences: |
ex: smoking - unhappy to stop but have preference for quitting or would of they were fully informed and rational |
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Issues with health as the main mode of beneficence in health care |
Disagreements over what is health Narrow or Broad scope makes a lot of difference to beneficence and non-maleficence |
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Philosophical issue with beneficence: cui bono? |
Who benefits. the family, the nurse, the community - moral dilemmas. (one person benefits, another is harmed) |
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T or F: Sophie is the root word of philosophy and means, roughly, wisdom |
True |
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T or F: Most moral issues in nursing are moral dilemmas. |
False |
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T or F: You can be an egoist and consequentialist at the same time. |
False |
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A utilitarian confronts a moral issue. The first thing the utilitarian will do is: a) determine what is in her best interests b) find out what the CNA code of ethics says to do in this situation c) ask a more senior colleague d) try to figure out what courses of action are available to deal with this issue |
D. |
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Which of the following are theories ABOUT morality? a) egoism b) utilitarianism c) moralism d) all of the above |
A. |
