Phil 231 Final Exam

Front 1

Statement

Back 1

An assertion of a proposition(has a truth-value) that something is or is not the case

Front 2

Premise

Back 2

A statement given in support of another statement

Front 3

Conclusion

Back 3

A Final statemnet that premises are used to support

Front 4

Argument

Back 4

A group of statements in which some of them(the premises) are intended to support another of them (conclusion)

Front 5

A deductive argument is intended to provide what?

Back 5

Conclusive support for it's conclusion

Front 6

A deductive argument that is said to provide conclusive support for it's conclusion is said to be, what?

Back 6

Valid

Front 7

A deductive valid argument with true premises is said to be, what?

Back 7

sound

Front 8

Judging Moral Arguments must not commit "what" fallacy?

Back 8

the "is-ought" fallacy

Front 9

What are the two relativism fallacies and explain them.

Back 9

1. Subjective relativism: view that truth depends solely on what someone believes
2. Social Relativism: view that truth is relative to societies

Front 10

Knowledge requires certainty, but certainty is _____

Back 10

impossible

Front 11

What is a Necessary Condition

Back 11

one without which the event cannot occur

Front 12

What is Sufficient Condition

Back 12

one that guarantees that the event occurs

Front 13

What is Plato's idea and (telos)?

Back 13

1. Everything that exists, exists for a reason
2. We know things by their function
3. Everything in this world is imperfect
4. Plato's pig problem?

Front 14

Def. of Ethics

Back 14

study of morality, how to be a good person

Front 15

Def. of Politics

Back 15

extention of ethics, but for the society

Front 16

Telos

Back 16

Aim/Goal/Purpose

Front 17

Dikaiosune

Back 17

morality

Front 18

Eudaimonia

Back 18

happiness

Front 19

Arete

Back 19

Virtue

Front 20

Principle of Universal Telos (Plato)

Back 20

Everything that exists has a purpose

Front 21

Psyche

Back 21

Mind

Front 22

Akrasia

Back 22

Moral Weakness

Front 23

Agathos

Back 23

Good

Front 24

Polis

Back 24

City-state

Front 25

What did Socrates try to find the answer to in "The Repubic?"

Back 25

Does Dikaiosune lead to Eudaimonia?

Front 26

What did the Oracle at Delphi say about Socrates?

Back 26

Socrates is the wisest b/c he knows (almost) nothing. He is not ignorant or stupid

Front 27

Each person has a ________, where your talents and needs to society best intersect

Back 27

specialization

Front 28

God is omnibenevolent, omniscient, but not _____

Back 28

omnipotent (all powerful)

Front 29

What does Plato believe in _____ eugenics

Back 29

State eugenics, the state decides when and who you attempt to reproduce with (selective breeding)

Front 30

Foundationalism

Back 30

there must be a firm foundation of self-evident truth, a self-supporting foundation of knowledge

Front 31

5 types of societies

Back 31

1. Aristocracy: rule by elite
2. Timarchy: rule by military elite
3. Oligarchy: rule by few wealthy
4. Democracy: rule by majority
5. Tyranny: rule by one

Front 32

People always do what they think is good, they do ____ only when mistaken and ignorant of real God.

Back 32

Evil

Front 33

Aristotle's Idea with problem of participation:

Back 33

1. Problem of participation:
- whatever"ness" is in another realm, meaning they aren't at the same place @ the same time.

Front 34

Aristotle's psyche idea:

Back 34

1. Rational :intellectual and practical
2. Animal: appetitive and vegitate

Front 35

True or False: According to Plato, Akrasia is the weakness of the will, like procrastination

Back 35

false, Plato does not believe this

Front 36

No actual church/community practices _____ ethics

Back 36

old testament

Front 37

What did Augustine claim?

Back 37

There is no evil, but Plato claimed there was and that God was not omnipotent

Front 38

What else about God did Augustine believe?

Back 38

That God's will is always done, whether through properly functioning(virtuous) human will or through defective(evil) human will.

Front 39

True or False: Aquintas believes in God

Back 39

True

Front 40

Aquinas concludes what?

Back 40

Only the existence of God can provide a sufficient explanation for the questions raised

Front 41

Why obey God's will?

Back 41

1. Holiness: God's will is good by definition
2: Synthetic: Following God's will because he gives good advice
3. Power/Pragmatic: We obey b/c we fear God

Front 42

Ad Baculum Fallacy:

Back 42

The idea that if someone has power over me, what they say is true.

Front 43

What is the first break of Christianity into Roman Catholic and Orthodox referred to as?

Back 43

Great (East-West) Schism[split]

Front 44

Aquinas believed what about the communication between God?

Back 44

All people can talk directly to God instead of an in-direct link through the Pope.
- We can all have a personal relationship with God

Front 45

What does Dostoevsky believe about life?

Back 45

There is no built-in telos to life, life is what we make of it.

Front 46

Analytic distinction

Back 46

true by virtue of their meaning

Front 47

Synthetic distinction

Back 47

true by how their meaning relates to the world

Front 48

What does Dostoevsky believe about God?

Back 48

1.God doesn't actually exist and ALL human happiness is based on a lie.
2. Believing in the "Dread Secret" that those with knowledge must lie to the masses to keep them happy.

Front 49

"Are people willing to die for a fairytale?"

Back 49

"If it makes them HAPPY"

Front 50

Zossima realizes what? (7 things)

Back 50

1. Heaven is already here
2. Total freedom is responsibility for everything
3. We proclaim ourselves responsible for all sins
4. Each and every person is responsible to all, for all
5. All sins are our fault
6. Innocent suffering does not exist
7. Evil is a kind of illusion that we project onto ourselves. If everyone took full responsibility, problems would vanish.

Front 51

Zossima's main idea is what?

Back 51

Everyone is responsible for ALL things, even if you couldn't have known what would happen.

Front 52

Kant's Ideals are what?

Back 52

1.Morality ultimately rests, not on sense experience or feelings, but on reason
2. I control my own actions, but consequences/happiness depend on others
3. Lying and stealing is always immoral
4. Only a good will deserves moral praise

Front 53

Rights Theory

Back 53

An entitlement to a choice, theory or claim that one can do something(regardless of the consequences)

Front 54

Bentham's Ideas are what?

Back 54

1. Morality must be about producing the best possible future
2. Rights are nonsense, no guaranteed entitlement to anything if doesn't maximize utility
- right do not exist, there is nothing you are entitled to if it makes people unhappy

Front 55

Classic Consequentialism

Back 55

Whether an act is morally right depends on it's consequences (Bentham and Mill)

Front 56

Maximizing Consequentialism

Back 56

moral righteousness depends only on the pleasures and pains in the consequences.

Front 57

Total Consequentialism

Back 57

moral righteousness depends only on the total net good in the consequences

Front 58

Universal Consequentialism

Back 58

moral righteousness depends on the consequences for all people

Front 59

Best Judge Principle

Back 59

Each person is the best judge of their own desires (Mill)

Front 60

True or False: Self-regarding actions always moral

Back 60

true

Front 61

Mill's Harm Principle

Back 61

We can only act immorally by harming others; and we should not harm others unless it contributes to the Greatest Happiness Principle