Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
168 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Signs of Hypothyroidism
|
-Lethargy
-Confusion -Poor concentration -Skin cold/dry -Brittle hair -Flat affect -Fatigue signs mimic depression (IMPORTANT TO ASSESS FOR PREGNANCY because hypothyroidism is teratogenic) |
|
|
Primary hypothyroidism
|
Thyroid cannot produce amount of hormone that the pituitary calls for
|
|
|
Secondary hypothyroidism
|
Thyroid isn't being stimulated enough by the pituitary to produce enough hormone
|
|
|
Treatment of hypothyroidism
|
Give T4 (levothyroxine) which converts to T3
|
|
|
Synthroid logistics
|
Levothyroxine:
-Narrow therapeutic range -Must take PO on empty stomach -Highly protein bound, long half-life -Adverse effects are usually dur to too much of the hormone |
|
|
Drug-drug interactions that decrease thyroid levels:
|
-Calcium
-Iron -Questran (take 4 hours apart from levothroxine) |
|
|
Drug-drug interactions that increase thyroid levels:
|
-Dilantin
-Zoloft -Phenobarbital |
|
|
Levothyroxine enhances __________
|
Coumadin
|
|
|
Levothyroxine increases needs of _________
|
Insulin because T3 causes more glycogen to glucose conversion
|
|
|
Hyperthyroidism manifestations
|
-"Bug eyes" (Grave's disease)
-Goiter -Increased HR/BP -Tremor -Insomnia, anxiety, irritability -Osteoporosis -Sweating -Everything hot, irritated, excessive, fast, restless |
|
|
Treatment of Hyperthyroidism
|
-Depends on which organ is involved/causing it
-Surgery of all or part of the gland -Radiation (to destroy part of the gland non-invasively) -PTU |
|
|
Propylthiouracil (PTU)
|
-Suppresses thyroid hormone production
-Oral--rapidly absorbed -Short half life -Prevents synthesis of T4-->T3 -Does not destroy already existing thyroid hormone, cannot use in hypertensive crisis |
|
|
Adverse complication of PTU:
|
Agranulocytosis: dangerously low WBC count
|
|
|
PUD
|
-Ulcers can hemorrhage
-Ulcers are found mostly in the lesser curvature of the stomach -Affects 10% of adults at some point in their lives |
|
|
PUD is mostly caused by ____________ rather than ____________
|
H. pylori when defenses are down and bicarbonate balance is off rather than acid alone
|
|
|
Other common causes of PUD
|
-NSAIDs
-Glcuocorticoids |
|
|
Nicotine and PUD
|
impairs healing of ulcers due to vasoconstriction
|
|
|
Treatment of ulcers--Antibiotics
|
Use THREE different antibiotics + H2 antagonist or proton pump inhibitor
-Amoxicillin the best antibiotic for H. pylori |
|
|
S/E of Antibiotics for PUD
|
-Nausea/diarrhea
-Drugs are expensive -Hard to adhere to (have to take so many, many times a day, every day) |
|
|
Histamine2 Receptor Antagonists
|
Blocks H2 receptors on parietal cells which:
-Suppresses secretion of gastric acid -Reduces acidity of the acid Oral/IV/IM, short half life Also used for GERD and prevention of pneumonitis |
|
|
Take H2 antagonists with food to ____________
|
SLOW absorption and make drug last longer
|
|
|
-Cimetidine (Tagamet)
-Ranitidine (Zantac) |
Histamine2 Receptor Antagonists
|
|
|
Proton Pump Inhibitors
|
-Suppresses production of gastric acid (better than H2 receptor antagonists)
-Prodrug -Enteric coated -Inhibits 97% of stomach acid in 2 hours, effects persists |
|
|
A/E of Proton Pump Inhibitors
|
-Persistent use may lower bone density (especially do not want this in children)
-Lowers absorption of Vitamin B12 from food (especially do not want this with vegans) |
|
|
Actual definition of constipation
|
It's how hard the stool is, NOT how often
|
|
|
Constipation can be due to:
|
-Diet deficient in fluid/fiber
-Opioid use |
|
|
Laxatives logistics
|
-Most overused over-the-counter drug
-Contraindicated with N/V, abdominal pain, acute post-surgery of the abdomen, bowel obstruction, PREGNANCY |
|
|
Medical criteria for constipation (must have 2+ symptoms for 3+ months):
|
-<3 bowel movements/week
-Straining -Hard stools -Sensation of an obstruction -Sensation of incomplete defecation -Manual maneuvering required to defecate |
|
|
Surfactant Laxative
|
Docusate, Colace
|
|
|
Surfactant Laxative MOA
|
Allows water to enter the stool (making it softer)
Decreases surface tension making stool easier to pass Give with water |
|
|
S/E with Surfactant Laxative
|
Rare and minimal; cramping that is relieved by passing stool
|
|
|
Bulk-forming laxative
|
psyllium (Metamucil)
|
|
|
Bulk-forming laxative MOA
|
Poorly-digested salts that draw water into the intestine which stretches the intestine and increases peristalsis
MEANT FOR OCCASIONAL USE ONLY |
|
|
Stimulant Laxatives
|
bisacodyl (Dulcolax)
|
|
|
Stimulant Laxative MOA
|
-Stimulate motility of the gut
-PO takes 6-12 hours -Suppositories takes 15-60 minutes -CRAMPING but relieved when stool passes |
|
|
cisapride (Propulsid)
|
"Prokinetic Agent"
-increases motility in upper GI -Limites use in the U.S. due to severe adverse effects (cardiac) |
|
|
cisapride (Propulsid) MOA:
|
-Serotonin 5-HT4 receptor agonist and a parasympathomimetic
Stimulation of serotonin receptors increases acetylcholine release in the nervous system |
|
|
Laxative use and abuse
|
-Bad cycle: use them, evacuate whole bowel, don't go for several days, take them again because fear of constipation again
-Causes dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, unsustainable weight loss, bowel irritation -Withdrawal of laxative to next stool can be several days |
|
|
Elderly and laxative use
|
Most Abuse in this category
-Think of all the other meds they are taking that could cause anticholinergic effects |
|
|
Laxative abuse among the young (eating disorders)
|
-Frequent pain
-Very modest sustainable weight loss -Effects on sleep/social (due to frequency of needing to defecate) -Harmful long-term consequences on bowel function |
|
|
Emetic response is a reflex
|
Direct/indirect stimulation from the cerebral cortex
(D: Fears, upsetting sights/smells, pain, inner ear stimulation. I: Signals from stomach/intestines along vagal pathways, certain compounds) |
|
|
Vomiting center of the brain:
|
Lower medulla
|
|
|
Serotonin Receptor Antagonists for Nausea
|
ondansetron (Zofran)
-Best one to use for anti-cancer/anethesia -Oral or IV |
|
|
Serotonin Receptor Antagonist MOA
|
Blocks 5-HT3 receptors in chemoreceptor trigger zone and on afferent vagal neurons in upper GI tract
|
|
|
A/E of serotonin receptor antagonists
|
-Headache
-Diarrhea -Dizziness |
|
|
Glucocorticoids for Nausea
|
dexamathasone (Decadron)
-IV -MOA unknown -few a/e if used in small doses only 1 or 2 times |
|
|
Dopamine antagonists for Nausea
|
prochlorperazine (Compazine)
haloperidol (Haldol) |
|
|
Dopamine antagonists MOA
|
Block dopamine2 receptors in CTZ
-a/e are anticholinergic, extrapyramidal, sedation pregnancy category C |
|
|
Mint for nausea
|
-Can eat in candy, tea, leaves
-Really effective at decreasing nausea, 1 cup every 2-3 hours post op is adequate |
|
|
Salicylates
|
Aspirin-
NONSELECTIVE cox 1 and 2 inhibitor, but key therapeutic effects are inhibition of cox 2 -Rapidly absorbed, short 1/2 life, 80% protein bound |
|
|
Low dose (baby) aspirin (81 mg)
|
pain relief and decreased coagulation
|
|
|
High Dose (650 mg in 2 tabs)
|
Decrease inflammation
|
|
|
Most adverse effects of aspirin come from inhibiting ______
|
cox 1
|
|
|
Most therapeutic effects come from inhibiting ________
|
cox 2
|
|
|
Therapeutic uses of salicylates
|
-Analgesics (joint/muscle/headache)
-anti-pyretic -anti-platelet aggregation (8 days effect, irreversible) |
|
|
Adverse effects of Salicylates (5)
|
-CATEGORY D, pregnant women should NOT use aspirin (unless previous babies have been lost due to clotting)
-GI distress -Bleeding (especially occult) -Renal impairment (especially in the elderly!) -Tinnitus |
|
|
Why children <18 yo should NOT take aspirin
|
Reye's Syndrome (20-30% mortality): high ammonia accumulation that leads to coma
|
|
|
If cannot take aspirin, also cannot take:
|
Other NSAIDs, other sulfa products, other selective cox blockers
|
|
|
Aspirin interacts with:
|
-Alcohol
-Glucocorticoids -Anticoagulants -Ibuprofen -ACE Inhibitors (renal function) |
|
|
NSAID prototypes
|
-ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil)
-naproxen (Naprosyn) -ketorolac (Toradol) |
|
|
NSAIDs
|
-Inhibit cox 1 AND 2
-Therapeutic use for mild-moderate pain -MAY MASK A FEVER |
|
|
A/E of NSAIDs
|
-Bleeding
-GI Ulcers -Renal insufficiensy -CNS problems -Hypersensitivity -Use lowest effective dose for shortest amount of time, do NOT use for MI/stroke prophylaxis |
|
|
celecoxib (celebrex)
|
Selective cox 2 inhibitor
|
|
|
Selectively inhibiting cox 2:
|
Decreases the incidence of other a/e
-Less GI ulceration risk, but not eliminated -LAST drug of choice for long term management of chronic pain because increased risk of stroke/MI |
|
|
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
|
-CENTRAL cox inhibitor, not at periphery
-Good for pain -NO anti-pyretic properties |
|
|
A/E of acetaminophen
|
-Rare at therapeutic doses (<4 grams/day)
-More than therapeutic range: liver toxicity! -May increase the risk of bleeding if the patient is taking coumadin (due to DDI) -Rare unless concurrent use with alcohol |
|
|
Acetaminophen is 1 of 10 _________
|
prodrugs
|
|
|
Therapeutic use for acetaminophen
|
-FEVER and PAIN (not inflammation)
|
|
|
Overdose of acetaminophen:
|
Liver damage:
give acetylcysteine (mucomyst)--can prevent liver damage by binding to acetaminophen |
|
|
Glucocorticoids--if given in high doses (10+ mg/day)
|
Treats disease processes unrelated to adrenocortical function:
-Asthma -Inflammation -Cancer |
|
|
What dose do you give glucoroticoids?
|
The dose is HIGHLY INDIVIDUALIZED for each patient
-Trial and error -Usually start with a high dose and then taper down to a dose that still treats symptoms |
|
|
What do glucoroticoids do?
|
Slams down immune system that is reacting to something like cancer, asthma, inflammation
|
|
|
When should one take glucoroticoids?
|
Sometime in the morning, with food (stomach irritant) because the morning is generally when body makes its own cortisol naturally
|
|
|
MOA of glucoroticoids:
|
-More anti-inflammatory action than NSAIDs
-Suppresses synthesis of inflammatory mediators (leukotrines, histamine, prostoglandins) -Suppress phagocyte activity -Suppress proliferation of lymphocytes |
|
|
Adverse effects when log-term, inhaled (for asthma or COPD)
|
-Oral fungal growth
-Decreased response to infection -Impaired growth in children/teens -Osteoporosis in elderly |
|
|
Adverse effects of oral glucoroticoids:
(KNOW THIS LIST) |
-Increases serum blood glucose (think diabetes and people who are already diabetic)
-Nausea -Decreased bone density (osteoporosis) -Gastric erosion (ulcers) -Decreases potassium (heart dysrhythmias) -Increases RISK for infection but decreases SIGNS of infection |
|
|
Patients taking glucoroticoids need to be given __________ in cases of ____________
|
Need to be given additional doses in cases of stress.
|
|
|
What happens if glucoroticoids are suddenly withdrawn?
|
Adrenal atrophy: own body cannot make own adrenalcorticoids, so withdrawal can result in pain and death
|
|
|
Electrolyte balance while taking glucoroticoids:
|
-Retain NA (causes a lot of fluid retention, visible weight gain)
-Excrete potassium (may need to take potassium supplement |
|
|
Psychological effects while taking glucoroticoids:
|
-Psychosis
-Euphoria that goes into depression -Being weaned off glucoroticoids after long-term use can be horrible |
|
|
If taking more than 40 mg of glucoroticoids, may have ______________
|
sleep disturbances
|
|
|
Compliance to glucoroticoids may be _________
|
Poor
|
|
|
Other uses of glucoroticoids:
|
-Arthritis
-Lupus -Crohn's Disease -Skin problems (eczema) -Implants -Organ transplants -Cancer |
|
|
Effect of glucoroticoids on metabolism:
|
-Alters glucose metabolism: raises blood glucose and promotes storage
-Affects protein metabolism: decreases muscle mass, thins skin -Decreases bone density -Makes fats breakdown and redistribute (moon face=Cushing's Syndrome) |
|
|
Glucoroticoids (drug names)
|
Cortisone
Hydrocortisone Prednisone Betamethasone Dexamethasone (Decadron) |
|
|
Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (for Rheumatoid Arthritis)
|
DMARDs I: Methotrexate, Sulfasalazine
DMARDs II: (TNF antagonists) Etanercept |
|
|
During a rheumatoid attack on the synovial tissue:
|
Mast cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes produce CYTOKINES and cytotoxins which produce the inflammation-------this is what drug treatment is aimed at stopping
|
|
|
Rheumatoid arthritic treatment goals:
|
-releve pain and inflammation
-improve functioning of joints -minimizing systemic involvement -DELAYS PROGRESSION OF THE DISEASE started EARLY after diagnosis, require very close monitoring, are very expensive |
|
|
NSAID use use in RA
|
-Relieves pain temporarily (must use a very high dose)
-Does not prevent destruction -Does NOT slow progression of the disease -Gut destruction |
|
|
Glucoroticoid use in RA
|
-Pain relief
-Can slow progression -Long-term use is avoided due to serious a/e (used for FLARE-UPS only) |
|
|
DMARDs for RA
|
-Reduces joint destruction and retards the disease progression
-Takes weeks to months to show benefits -MORE TOXIC than NSAIDs |
|
|
Methotrexate (a cancer drug) for DMARDs
|
-The fastest DMARD (takes 3-6 weeks to work)
-Immunosuppression--reduces activity of B & T lymphocytes |
|
|
DMARD a/e
|
-Liver damage
-Bone marrow suppression -Ulcers -Pneumonitis -Cancer |
|
|
Requires routine testing:
|
-Liver enzymes
-CBC -Creatinine & BUN |
|
|
Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine)
|
-Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory
-Slows progression of immuno-diseases |
|
|
Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine) a/e
|
-N/V/D, anorexia, abdominal pain
-Skin rash, pruritis -Less risk of liver and bone marrow harms -May turn urine and skin yellow/orange (damage to kidneys) -Contraindicated in patients with allergy to sulfa drugs |
|
|
May take _________ before benefits are felt
|
Months
Interferes with TNF, an important immune mediator of joint injury |
|
|
LIve vaccines are __________ in DMARDs, must get caught up on vaccinations ________ to therapy
|
Live vaccines are contraindicated in DMARD use, must get caught up on vaccinations prior to DMARD therapy
|
|
|
DMARDs can reactivate ____________
|
Hepatitis B
|
|
|
Immunosuppressant drug:
|
Cyclosporine (Sandimmune)
|
|
|
Drug ineractions with Sandimmune
|
DFI: Grapefruit juice
Drug-drug interactions, many Category C |
|
|
Capsaicin
|
Essentially a chili pepper
-Interferes with pain transmission (changes sodium channels and calcium transport) -Good for joint pain, muscle pain, or nerve pain -Comes in multiple concentrations |
|
|
Using Capsaicin
|
-WILL CAUSE burning sensation, reassure client that this is okay
-If applied for hand pain, apply and wash hands 30 minutes later -May take 1-2 weeks to relieve the pain -Effects may be sustained for up to 2 weeks -Change concentration if too extreme, and wash hands |
|
|
Drugs affecting calcium levels and bone mineralization
|
-Calcium
-Vitamin D -Biophosphates: Alendronate -Teriparatide |
|
|
98% of calcium stored primarily in the ___________
|
Bone
|
|
|
Total serum calcium range:
|
9-10.5 mg/dL
-Varies with serum albumin; if serum albumin is altered, ionized (free) calcium is obtained |
|
|
Calcium taken orally is __________ absorbed. _____________ with parathyroid hormone and vitamin D
|
Poorly (1/3)
Increased |
|
|
Regulation of calcium (3):
|
-Absorption by intestines
-Renal excretion -Reabsorption or deposit of calcium in bone |
|
|
Needed for healthy bones (4):
|
-Calcium
-Vitamin D -Parathyroid hormone -Calcitonin |
|
|
Treatment of osteoporosis:
|
Biophosphates:
Inhibit bone resorption |
|
|
To prevent fractures and treat bone loss:
|
-Alendronate (Fosamax)
-Ibandronate (Boniva) -Zolendronate (Reclast) Plus calcium, vitamin D, and weight-bearing exercise |
|
|
Alendronate (Fosamax)
|
-Must be taken on an empty stomach
-Take with a lot of water -Remain upright for 30 minutes (due to risk of esophageal ulceration/irritation) |
|
|
Vaccine
|
Whole or partial micro-organism that leads to antibody production
|
|
|
Live vaccine
|
-Dangerous to all immunocompromised people
-Contraindicated in all pregnant women |
|
|
Avirulent vaccine
|
"Killed" vaccine
|
|
|
Toxoid:
|
Bacterial toxin that has been rendered nontoxic: leads to antibodies to the bacteria
|
|
|
Immunization
|
Active: long-duration, last weeks-months
Passive: manufactured antibodies, last as long as the antibodies are viable |
|
|
Compliance with Immunizations
|
Very poor in the U.S, especially in WA state (highest opt-out rate)
|
|
|
Vaccine myths: corrected
(read only) |
-Vaccines do not cause autism
-Vaccines do not cause diabetes -Giving too many vaccines does not overwhelm a child's immune system -Diseases are still a threat, so it is still necessary to get vaccines for them -Medical personal are all in agreement that vaccines are safe, effective, and necessary -There is not enough aluminum in vaccines for them to be harmful -Unvaccinated adults are still susceptible to diseases |
|
|
Common mild reactions to vaccines:
|
-Redness
-Soreness -Fever -Discomfort |
|
|
Serious reactions to vaccines:
|
-Anaphylaxis
-Encephalopathy |
|
|
What to do in the case of an egg allergy:
|
Follow the algorithm
|
|
|
All immunizations require _______________
|
Consent
|
|
|
Give ___________ to all persons getting vaccinated
|
VISs
|
|
|
___________ vaccines are contraindicated in pregnancy
|
Live
|
|
|
List of live vaccines:
|
MMR
Varicella Rotavirus Intranasal for seasonal flu (IM flu vaccine is NOT live) Zoster (for shingles) |
|
|
Injectable vaccines can be either _____ or ______
|
SQ or IM
|
|
|
Time sensitive vaccines:
|
-Pneumococcal vaccines for those 65+
-Zoster (shingles) vaccine for those 60+ (or with respiratory disease) |
|
|
Seasonal Influenza Vaccine
|
-IM=inactivated virus
-Intranasal mist=live virus -Mild flu-like a/e but does NOT give you the flu -Everyone over 6 months should be vaccinated (especially pregnant women, and healthcare workers) |
|
|
Cancer--Primary difficulty in treatment:
|
The effect of the drug on normal fast-growing cells
|
|
|
Solid tumor growth vs. "liquid" tumor growth:
|
Solid tumors grow much slower. "Liquid" meaning leukemia for example
|
|
|
Most cancer drugs NONSPECIFICALLY affect high growth fraction cells:
|
-Hair
-GI epithelium (mucous membrane) cells -Bone marrow cells (Red, white, and platelets) -Sperm forming cells |
|
|
In order to eradicate cancer, must ____________:
|
Kill EVERY single cancer cell, meaning that doses of cancer drugs must be consistently high, even if there is less cancer!
|
|
|
Additional issues with cancer
|
-General body immune defense does not help much
-Tumors usually have multiple types of cells, and patient usually has multiple types of tumors -Hard to know for sure when ALL cancer cells are killed -Risk of failure increases with each treatment attempt |
|
|
Treatment is often surgery first, then drug/radiation treatment because:
|
Tumors can be hard to get at
|
|
|
Intermittent drug therapy is done when:
|
Normal cells grow faster than cancer cells
|
|
|
Combination drug therapy:
|
-Generally more efficacious than a single drug
-Overall more adverse effects, but dosages are lower so its less lethal |
|
|
Vesicant potential:
|
Give through PICC line, or if given in injection monitor CLOSELY for a while
|
|
|
Cancer drugs are carcinogenic
|
No fair!
Can appear years later, with different cancer entirely |
|
|
If planning to have children post-chemotherapy:
|
Sperm/egg bank prior to treatment
|
|
|
Adverse GI effects of cancer drugs:
|
Nausea/Vomiting/Extreme Diarrhea
Premedicate using antiemetics (Zofran, ondansetron), antidepressants, Marijuana, diet supplements (high [ ] of calories because eating is unpleasant) |
|
|
(Most serious effect:) Bone marrow suppression causes:
|
Decreased RBCs
Decreased WBCs Decreased Platelets |
|
|
Decreased WBC production:
|
Danger: will not be able to adequately fight infections, only sign of infection shown will be fever
-Teach patient to prevent infection by hand washing, avoiding crowds & contact, be vigilant about noticing signs of fever (taking temperatures at home) |
|
|
filgrastim (Neupogen):
|
For treatment of decreased WBCs
-May experience nausea -May be hypersensitive to this |
|
|
oprevelkin (Neumega):
|
For treatment of decreased platelets
-May be hypersensitive to this Teach patient to NOT use NSAIDs/anticoagulants, monitor for bleeding (in stool, urine, bruises, on toothbrush), use a soft toothbrush |
|
|
Common hair loss with many cancer drugs:
|
-Common cause with refusing treatment
-Support by making a plan/getting a wig before treatment |
|
|
Cancer drugs are teratogenic and mutogenic:
|
-Important to use contraceptives during treatment
-Bank sperm/ova prior to treatment |
|
|
Handling of cancer drugs can be very dangerous:
|
-Can aerosolize
-Must consistently use gloves, gown, eye/face protection |
|
|
Cytotoxic drugs:
|
Most common category used, kills cancer cells directly
-Antimetabolites (methotrexate) -Alkylating (cytoxan) -Antitumor antibiotics (streptomycin) -Miotic inhibitors (vincristine) |
|
|
Vincristine:
|
Spares bone marrow, but neuropathies
Be careful: Vincristine vs. Vinblastine |
|
|
Hormones and hormone antagonists/blockers
|
-Least toxic cancer treatment
-More selective -Use for cancers that are supported by hormones |
|
|
Examples of hormones and hormone antagonists/blockers
|
Glucocorticoids: given for leukemias, Hodgkins, Lymphomas
|
|
|
Estrogen Inhibitors:
|
-Antiestrogens/SERMs (Tamoxifen): block estrogen receptors. Used for breast cancer, but a/e can be uterine cancer, thrombophlebits, DVT.
-Aromatase Inhibitors--only for post-menopausal women |
|
|
Aromatase Inhibitors:
|
Act by stopping certain hormones from turning into estrogen.
|
|
|
Tamoxifen:
|
Blocks estrogen receptors on breast cancer cells, so estrogen is still present for the rest of the bodily functions but the tumor cannot get enough of it to grow
|
|
|
Anti-androgens:
|
Suppresses androgen production for prostate cancer
|
|
|
Progestin:
|
Depo-provera to suppress uterine cancer
|
|
|
Most important ingredient in drug therapy:
|
HOPE.
Don't forget about placebo effect! |
|
|
Normal adult female hamatocrit:
|
36-46%
|
|
|
Normal adult male hamatocrit:
|
41-53%
|
|
|
Normal newborn hamatocrit:
|
49-61%
|
|
|
Normal adult female hemoglobin:
|
12.0-16.0 g/dL
|
|
|
Normal adult male hemoglobin:
|
13.5-17.5 g/dL
|
|
|
Normal newborn hemoglobin:
|
14-20 g/dL
|
|
|
Normal RBC range:
|
Male: 4.7-6.1
Female: 4.2-5.4 |
|
|
Normal WBC range:
|
4,500-10,000
|
|
|
Normal platelet range:
|
150,000-400,000
|
|
|
acetylcystein (Mucomyst)
|
Reversal drug for acetaminophen
|
