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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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antibiotic definition
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produced by micro-organism to suppress other micro-organism
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anti-microbial definition
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substance the suppresses micro-organisms (can be natural or synthetic)
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On what does CLSI base their MIC-breakpoint?
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max drug concentration in target species at recommended dose
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4 obligate intracellular pathogens
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Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, mycoplasma
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2 types of acquired resistance
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mutation (vertical)
shared (horizontal) |
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biochemical mechanisms of resistance
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-altered porin size, efflux pumps
-degradative enzymes -altered drug target (penicillin binding proteins) -DNA gyrase |
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Lipid soluble drugs have Vd greater than ___
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0.6 l/kg
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Drugs are un-ionized/ionized in a "like" environment?
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Un-ionized
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Beta-lactams (acid/base, MOA, cidal/static, excretion)
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acidic, cell wall inhibitor, bacteriocidal, renally excreted
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Mechanisms of resistance against beta-lactams
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efflux pumps, beta-lactamase, change in penicillin-binding protein
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Beta-lactam spectrum
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Anaerobes, gram positive, Staph, Actinomyces
Ticarcillin, Meropenem also get gram negatives |
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Cephalosporins (acid/base, MOA, cidal/static, excretion)
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acidic, cell wall inhibitor, cidal, renal excretion
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Cephalosporin spectrum
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1st gen (Cephalexin) - gram +, Staph
2nd gen (Cefoxitin) - gram +, Staph, Gram -, Anaerobes 3rd gen (Ceftiofur, Cefovecin) - best for Staph |
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Aminoglycosides (acid/base, MOA, cidal/static, excretion)
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basic, irreversible ribosomal inhibitor (both), cidal, renal excretion
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Aminoglycoside spectrum
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Mycoplasma, Pseudomonas, gram -, staph, Nocardia
-requires aerobic environment |
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Fluorinated Quinolones (acid/base, MOA, cidal/static, excretion)
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basic, DNA gyrase, cidal, renal excretion
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Fluorinated Quinolone spectrum
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Staph, gram -, mycoplasma
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Tetracyclines (MOA, cidal/static, excretion)
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ribosomal inhibitor (30s), static, biliary excretion
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Tetracycline spectrum
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okay at everything, great at nothing (broad-spectrum)
-Doxy esp good at intracellular |
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Phenicols (MOA, cidal/static, excretion)
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ribosomal inhibitor (50s), static, hepatic excretion
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Phenicol spectrum
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okay at everything, great at nothing (broad-spectrum)
Mycoplasma |
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macrolides (acid/base, MOA, cidal/static, excretion)
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basic, ribosomal inhibitor (50s), static, biliary excretion
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macrolide spectrum
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gram +, staph, actinomyces, mycoplasma
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Lincosamide (acid/base, MOA, cidal/static, excretion)
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basic, ribosomal inhibitor (50s), static, biliary excretion
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Lincosamide spectrum
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everything except gram-
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Metronidazole (MOA, cidal/static, excretion)
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DNA, RNA, cidal, hepatic
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Metronidazole spectrum
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anaerobes only (drug required anaerobic environment)
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side effects of Beta-lactams
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endotoxin release, Na+ or K+ overload, hypersensitivity
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side effects of aminoglycosides
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ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity
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side effects of fluorinated quinolones
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cartilage defects in growing animals, retinal degeneration in cats
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side effects of sulfonamides
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allergies (keratitis sicca), hypothyroidism at high doses
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side effects of phenicols
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bone marrow suppression
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side effects of macrolides
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GI disturbance, cardiac toxicity
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side effect of metronidazole
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CNS (seizures)
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concentration dependent drugs
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aminoglycosides, fluorinated quinolones,
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time-dependent drugs
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sulfonamides, Beta lactams, Tetracyclines, Phenicols, Macrolides, Clindamycin,
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drugs that concentrate in WBCs
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Macrolides, Clidamycin, Fluorinated Quinolones
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clindamycin side effect
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pseudomembranous colitis
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drugs effective against Nocardia
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penicillins, aminoglycoside, sulfonamide
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inhibitory quotient
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Cmax/MIC
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penicillin-binding protein targeted by beta-lactams
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transpeptidase
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beta-lactam that is acetylated to an active metabolite
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ceftiofur
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drugs prohibited for extra-label use in food animals
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Chloramphenicol, Sulfonamide, Fluoroquinolones
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lipid soluble drugs (6)
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sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, clindamycin, doxycycline, phenicols
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water soluble drugs (3)
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penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides
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gram negative bacteria
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E.coli, Pseudomonas, Pasturella, Klebsiella
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gram positive bacteria
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Clostridia, Enterococcus, Staph
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obligate anaerobic bacteria
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Clostridia, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium
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1st choice for anerobes
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Penicillins, Clindamycin
more severe-Metronidazole |
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1st choice for gram negatives
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amoxicillin/clavulonic acid, potentiated sulfonamides
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First choice for Mycoplasma
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tetracyclines
more serious - aminoglycosides |
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1st choice for Pseudomonas
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aminoglycosides (esp Amikacin)
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1st choice for gram positives
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Amoxicillin/clavulonic acid, cephalosporins (minus Enterococcus)
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treat shipping fever
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penicillin, tetracycline, ceftiofur
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Ehrlichia
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Doxycycline
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drugs susceptible to degradative enzyme resistance
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beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, phenicols
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